Stress strain curve of concrete is a graphical representation of concrete behavior under load. It is produced by plotting concrete compress strain at various interval of concrete compressive loading (stress). Concrete is mostly used in compression that is why its ...
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Limit State, Working Stress and Ultimate Load Method of Structural Design
This was the traditional method of design not only for reinforced concrete, but also for structural steel and timber design. The method basically assumes that the structural material behaves as a linear elastic manner, and that adequate safety can be ...
Different Types of Sedimentation Tanks used in Water Treatment
A sedimentation tank is structure in which wastewater is filled and stored for some time to remove the suspended particles present in the water. These particles may settle at the bottom of the tank and are removed by using scrapers. ...
Different Classification of Soils for Engineering Purpose
Classification systems are used to group soils according to their order of performance under given set of physical conditions. Soils that are grouped in order of performance for one set of physical conditions will not necessarily have the same order ...
Curtailment of Reinforcement in Concrete Beams and Slabs
To economize the design of a flexural member, the tensile bars are curtailed at the section beyond which it is no longer required to resist flexure(bending) given that the remaining reinforcement of the flexural member will be able to resist ...
Hydrographic Surveying – Methods, Applications and Uses
Hydrographic surveying or bathymetric surveying is the survey of physical features present underwater. It is the science of measuring all factors beneath water that affect all the marine activities like dredging, marine constructions, offshore drilling etc. Hydrographic surveying is mainly ...
Water Absorption Test on Bricks – Values and Procedures
Water Absorption Test on Bricks Water absorption test on bricks are conducted to determine durability property of bricks such as degree of burning, quality and behavior of bricks in weathering. A brick with water absorption of less than 7% provides ...
Construction of Wall Footings – Materials, and Dimensions
Wall footings are pad or spread and strip footings which are used to support structural or nonstructural walls to transmit and distribute the loads to the soil in such a manner that the load-bearing capacity of the soil is not ...
Types of Cranes Used in Construction
There are different types of cranes used in construction projects. Crane is a machine capable of lifting, lowering and moving of heavy materials with the use of pulleys and cables. Cranes are valuable assets for the construction industry because they ...
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete- Determination and Importance in Design
Modulus of elasticity of concrete(Ec) is defined as the ratio of the applied stress to the corresponding strain. Not only does it demonstrate the ability of concrete to withstand deformation due to applied stress but also its stiffness. In other ...