Proportioning of concrete is the process of selecting quantity of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water in concrete to obtain desired strength and quality. The proportions of coarse aggregate, cement and water should be such that the resulting concrete has the ...
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Retaining Wall Types, Materials, Economy, and Applications
What is a retaining wall? Retaining wall is a structure that are designed and constructed to withstand lateral pressure of soil or hold back soil materials. The lateral pressure could be also due to earth filling, liquid pressure, sand, and ...
21 Types of Dams in Construction
Various types of dams are constructed based on their usage. These dams are classified based on construction material used, structure and design, functions, hydraulic design and size. Types of Dams in Construction Classification Based on Construction Material used for a ...
Waterproofing in Buildings [PDF]: Types, Methods, and Applications
Waterproofing is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces of foundations, roofs, walls, and other structural members. The function of the impermeable barrier is to prevent water penetrations. The building surfaces are made water-resistant and sometimes waterproof. The utilization ...
Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction and their Uses
Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and bonding style of bricks in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the mortar filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks ...
Honeycombs in Concrete – Their Causes and Remedies
Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on the surface or inside the mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey bees nest. Improper vibration and workability of concrete are main causes of honeycombs in ...
What is Seasoning of Timber? Various Methods of Seasoning of Timber
Seasoning of timber is the process by which moisture content in the timber is reduced to required level. By reducing moisture content, the strength, elasticity and durability properties are developed. A well-seasoned timber has 15% moisture content in it. Methods ...
Determinate and Indeterminate Structures and Their DIfferences
Structure is generally classified into two categories as Determinate and Indeterminate Structures or Redundant Structures for analysis of structures to find forces based on criteria discussed below. Structure is an assemblage of a number of components like slabs, beams, columns, ...
Caisson (Pier) Foundation – Types, Construction and Advantages
A caisson foundation also called as pier foundation is a watertight retaining structure. Caisson construction, its types, advantages and functions are discussed.
What is Lightweight Concrete? -Types, Uses and Advantages
What is Lightweight Concrete? Lightweight concrete mixture is made with a lightweight coarse aggregate and sometimes a portion or entire fine aggregates may be lightweight instead of normal aggregates. Structural lightweight concrete has an in-place density (unit weight) on the order of ...