Stoneware pipes are generally preferred over other types of pipes for sewer and drain works as they are much more effective where acid effluents or acid sub-soil conditions are likely to be encountered. In this article, we discuss trenching, laying, ...
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How to Calculate Working Space for Excavation?
Working space is the additional space provided between the edge of the excavation and the footing for the ease of labor movement for fixing, removing shuttering boards, pouring of concrete, and compaction of concrete using a vibrator. In this article, ...
Tips to Avoid Reinforcement and Embedment Congestion in Concrete Members
Designers should consider possible congestions in reinforced concrete members while designing concrete structures. They should follow specifications of applicable codes to prevent congestions. Sometimes, one of the options to avoid congestion is by increasing the width of the concrete members ...
How to Place Reinforcement Bars in Concrete?
A reinforcement bar is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Proper placement of reinforcement bars, as per the specified drawings is vital for ...
What are the Contents of Construction Documents?
Construction documents are written, graphic and pictorial documents prepared or assembled for describing and communicating the design, location, and physical characteristics of the elements of a project necessary for obtaining a building permit and administering the contract for its construction. ...
7 Common Design Faults Causing Damage to Concrete
There are number of common design faults that lead to the damage of concrete and hence the capacity of the structural member would be reduced. In adequate structural design, inadequate cover, improper joint detailing, incorrect placement of embedments in concrete, ...
Offset Bent Longitudinal Reinforcement in Columns and its Requirements
Offset bent longitudinal reinforcement is the bending of vertical reinforcement bars of a column (larger column) at a particular storey in order to bring the bars within the limit of a column above (smaller column), as illustrated in Fig. 1, ...
Types of Stirrups in Column
Different types of stirrups are designed for columns based on their varying cross-sections, the number of longitudinal reinforcement bars and the load carrying capacity. Stirrups in column construction are commonly known as vertical ties or transverse reinforcement. There are different ...