Amol M. - Answers

The average plinth height is up to 450mm is considered.

But in floor prone areas it is increased by 150mm as per requirement. After the study of the area plinth height should be considered.

So the average hight of the plinth in flood-prone areas is considered up to 600mm above from the HFL. (high flood level).

Difference between Tie beam & plinth beam

As the name mentioned, both are the beams. And I think there is no main difference in it.

Plinth beam:

1. As we all know, the plinth beam is the part of the substructure, from the plinth beam superstructure getting started.
2. The plinth beam always constructed to the ground level.
3. After the footing or foundation plinth beam is built.
4. The plinth beam transfers the load to footing which from the superstructure.
5. Plinth beam connected to all the columns.

Tie beam

1. The tie beam is also part of the plinth beam, so it is not just part of the superstructure.
2. The tie beam is constructed anywhere as per requirement above the plinth level or floor level.
3. Tie beam carrying the axial compression and transfer the load to the Columns.
4. Tie beam connects two or more columns

Soil stabilization of highway embankment

Soil Stabilization
• Mechanical stabilization: Improvement of soil properties can be achieved by changing particle gradation. The engineering performance depends
mainly on grain size distribution and plasticity.
Significant changes in the properties can be made by the addition or removal of suitable soil fractions.
Granular fraction imparts strength and hardness. Fine fraction imparts cohesion, water, retention capacity and it acts as filler.
• Extreme caution is required for adding fine to roadbases and subgrades.
• The common technique of soil alteration is the addition of sodium montmorillonite (bentonite) to reduce the permeability of the soil. Addition of 10% of bentonite reduces permeability coefficient k. Asphalt
have been also tried.

Lime Stabilization :
Hydrated (or slacked) lime is very effective in
treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used alone or in combination with cement, bitumen, or flash. Lime has been mainly used for stabilizing the
road bases and subgrades.
• On addition of lime to the soil, two main types of
chemical reactions occur i) alteration in the nature of the adsorbed layer through base exchange phenomenon and ii) cementing or pozzolanic action.
Lime reduces P.I. of highly plastic soils making them more friable and easy to be handled and pulverized.
The P.I. of low plasticity generally increases. There is generally an increase in the O.M.C. and decrease in the compacted density, by strength and durability
increases.
• Normally 2 10 8 % of lime may be required for coarse-grained soils and 5 to IO % for plastic soil.

Cement Stabilization :
The soil stabilized with cement (Portland) is known as soil cement. The cementing action is believed to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with silicious soil during hydration. The binding action of individual
particles through cement may be possible only in coarse-grained soils. In cohesive soils, only some of the particles can be excepted to have cement bonds and the rest will be bonded through natural cohesion.

Bitumen Stabilization :
• Earth roads can be improved by spraying the dry soil surface with a stabilizer such as aspheric and cut back bitumen oil, tars, or emulsions in small quantities. The bituminous materials when added to soil impact cohesion or binding action and reduce water absorption. About 4 to 7 % by weight of
bitumen is required. Any inorganic soil can be
stabilized well-graded soils give goods results from 10^3 mm/s to 10^8 mm/s in case of silty sands. Local clays may be used.

These are the methods of stabilization

Distribution Steel

The name itself defines the meaning of the word.
Distribution bar n a reinforced concrete slab is placed usually at right angles to the main reinforcement bar, intended to spread a concentrated load on the slab and to prevent cracking and other types of failure. It is also known as a Secondary bar.

The following point should keep in mind while understanding the distribution bar.

● The distribution bar is having a small diameter than the main bar.
● The distribution bar always place on the top of the main bar.
● Distribution bar placed in a longer span

Porpoises why we providing distribution steel in slab

● Distribution steel is provided to prevent the shrinkage stresses and temperature effects. Due to this, cracks are formed on the top of the slab; hence crack are neglected.

● To distribute the load equally to the main bars, hence decreasing the effect of point load on the slab.

● Distribution bars are also provided to Stability for the main bars, and they also help to keep the main bars in position.
●This steel distributes the localized loads, so the concentrated stresses are reduced & more even throughout the slab. The distribution reinforcement, in most cases, is designed for strength. But sometimes main porpoises to provided for other reasons like cracking, load distribution, etc.
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