JUNAID.A.KAWOOSA - Answers

We have diffrent stages in construction project of building , nowadays we use diffrent tyes of materials which byepass certian materials used 30 years ago

Normally construction of building starts from  sub -structure and it moves on to super structure and finishes.

We use different dia steels for foundation it depends upon the height of structure how much load it carry so for that the designer design the structure, as we go higher if it is a tower building load  Goes down.so the area of coloums and dia of steel reduces.

Concrete in sub structure is usually used as SRC concrete which is a sulpher resistant concrete and the concrete used in super structure is normally  an ordinary port land cement.

slabs are nowadays of various kinds used , solid one way slab solid two way slab, hourdi slab, post tension slab , hourdi and post tension reduces the quantity of steel.

Blocks used are insulated blocks , normal blocks and solid block,  in sub structure the normal blocks solid are used while as in super structure outer areas heat insulated material is used while as inner sides or internal walls hollow blocks are used the size of blocks is 4 inch 6 inch and 8 inch as per standard sizes

plaster is normally done before by masonary but  now spray plaster is being used which pumps up plaster on wet surface .

Finishes

Tiles : procilen , clay tiles

thresholds : Marble: doors : wood marinte, teak, : Almunium: stick system/ unitized system

paint: emulsion paint with premir, : external walls texture

roof: terrazo tiles

Steps/ Stair case : Marble : Rosa Tea, Granite , White Marble,

Lifts: toshiba, mitsubish

sanitaryware: hind ware, grohy. jumbo etc

kitchen cabinet: Marintee wood/ plyboard/ stainless steel / almunium

These are certain basic structural elements we use in construction

Junaid Kawoosa

Construction managment

Oxford university England.