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Which are the methods or reference codes for the casting of precast piers for metro construction particularly?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Hi, Following are some Codes used in Pune metro constructions(INDIA). IRS IRC IS AASHTO Indian Railway Standards(IRS) IRS - Bridge Rules for loading (Min. of Railway) IRS - Code of practice for Steel bridges. IRS - Code of practice for plain, reinforcement and prestressed concrete for general BridgeRead more

    Hi, Following are some Codes used in Pune metro constructions(INDIA).

    1. IRS
    2. IRC
    3. IS
    4. AASHTO

    Indian Railway Standards(IRS)

    IRS – Bridge Rules for loading (Min. of Railway)

    IRS – Code of practice for Steel bridges.

    IRS – Code of practice for plain, reinforcement and prestressed concrete for general Bridge construction, latest revision.

    IRS – Code of practice for the design of substructures and foundation of bridges. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Standards (with Latest Revisions, Addendum &Corrections) IRC 5: 1985 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section I – General Features ofDesign IRC 6: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II – Loads and Stresses IRC 10: 1961 Recommended Practice for Borrow pits for Road Embankments Constructed by ManualOperation IRC 18: 1985 Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Road Bridges (PostTensioned Concrete) IRC 19: 1977 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Water BoundMacadam IRC 21: 1987 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section III – Cement Concrete (Plain and reinforced) IRC 22: 1986 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VI – Composite Construction for RoadBridges IRC 24: 1967 Standard Specifications and Code of practice for Road Bridges, Section V – Steel Road Bridges IRC 36: 1970 Recommended Practice for the Construction of Earth Embankments for Road Works IRC 37: 1984 Guidelines for the Design of FlexiblePavement IRC 45: 1972 Recommendations for Estimating the Resistance of Soil below the maximum Scour Level in the Design of Well Foundations ofBridges IRC 48: 1972 Tentative Specifications for Bituminous surface Dressing using Pre-coated Aggregates IRC 75: 1979 Guidelines for the Design of HighEmbankments IRC 78: 2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII (Parts 1 and 2), foundations and substructure Standard Specifications and code of practice for Road Bridges, SectionIX – Bearings Part I & II: Bearings (Metallic and elastomeric) IRC 87: 1984 Guidelines for the Design and Erection of False Work for RoadBridges IRC: SP 11 1958 Handbook of quality Control for Construction of Roads and runways. IS: Codes: National building code SP 7: 1983 Bureau of Indian Standards IS 73: 1992 Paving Bitumen IS 215: 1995 Road Tar IS 217: 1988 Cutback Bitumen IS 226: 1975 Structural steel (standard quality) IS 269: 1989 33 grade Ordinary Portland Cement IS 278: 1978 Galvanised steel barbed wire for fencing IS 280: 1978 Mild Steel wire for general engineering purposes IS 281: 1991 Mild Steel siding door bolts for use with padlocks IS 383: 1970 Coarse and fine aggregates IS 432: 1982 Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars and hard-drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement (Part 1) Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars (Part 2) Hard-drawn steel wire IS 455: 1989 Portland slag cement IS 456: 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS 457: 1957 Code of practice for general construction IS 515: 1959 Natural and manufactured aggregates for use in mass concrete IS 516: 1959 Method of test for the strength of concrete IS 650: 1991 Standard sand for testing cement IS 800: 1984 Code of practice for general construction in steel structures IS 814: 1991 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel IS 815: 1974 Classification coding of covered electrodes for metal are welding of structural steel IS 823: 1964 Code of procedure for manual metal arc welding of mild steel IS 875: 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures IS 1077: 1992 Common burnt, clay building bricks IS 1080: 1986 Design and construction of shallow foundation in soil (other than the raft ring and shell) IS 1161: 1979 Steel tubes for structural purposes IS 1239: 1990 Mild steel tubes, tubular and other wrought steel fittings (Part 1) Mild steel tubes (Part 2) Mild steel tubular and other wrought steel pipe fittings IS 1322: 1993 Bitumen felts for waterproofing and damp-proofing IS 1343: 1980 Code of practice for Prestressed concrete IS 1489: 1991 Portland Pozzolana Cement IS 1732: 1989 Dimensions for round and square steel bars for structural and general engineering purposes IS 1785: 1983 Plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete (Part 1) Cold-drawn stress-relieved wire (Part 2) As drawn wire FOREIGN STANDARDS ASTM D-297 Methods for Rubber Product Chemical Analysis ASTM D-395 Compression set of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-412 Tension testing of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-429 Adhesion of vulcanized rubber-metal ASTM D-573 Accelerated ageing of vulcanized rubber by the oven method ASTM D-624 Tear resistance of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-797 Young’s Modulus in flexure of elastomer at normal and subnormal temperature ASTM D-1149 Accelerated Ozone cracking of vulcanized rubber ASTM D-1559 Test for resistance to plastic flow of bituminous mixtures using Marshall Apparatus ASTM D-2166 Test methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soils ASTM 0-2172 Extraction, quantitative, of bitumen from bituminous paving mixtures ASTM 0-2240 Indentation hardness of rubber and plastic using a Durometer ASTM 0-2434 Test methods for the permeability of Granular Soils ASTM 0-3080 Method for the direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained condition ASTM E-11 Specification for wire cloth sieve for testing purpose AASHTO OM 57-80 Materials for embankments and sub-grade AASHTO OM 147-67 Materials for aggregate and soil (1980) base and surface courses AASHTO OM 282-80 Joints sealants, not poured, elastomeric type, (ASTM: D 3406) for Portland cement cure rate of pavements

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Which type of cement is used in the construction of a pile foundation? Kindly mention the references from codes or guides for the answer.

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    Any type of cement can be used as long as the design and durability requirements of the concrete used to construct the pile are met. For instance, if the sulfate attack is expected, it is desirable to select sulfate resistance cement because it produces concrete that withstand sulfate attack. As a rRead more

    Any type of cement can be used as long as the design and durability requirements of the concrete used to construct the pile are met. For instance, if the sulfate attack is expected, it is desirable to select sulfate resistance cement because it produces concrete that withstand sulfate attack. As a result, the produced concrete would durable.

    You can visit the following link to read more about Applications of Different Types of Cement for Concrete Construction:

    https://test.theconstructor.org/building/applications-cement-types-concrete/7686/

    The ACI code 318-18 provides the design and durability requirements of concrete.

    Design Requirements of Concrete Based on ACI 318-19

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requirements-concrete/39004/

    Concrete Durability Requirements Based on ACI-318-19

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-durability-requirements/39036/

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What is the minimum grade of concrete to be used for any precast element? Are there any standards for the same?  

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    It depends on the structural member. For example, The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) specifies minimum concrete strength for precast pile as 28MPa. The code also provides minimum strength for other structural members. You can also visit: https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requRead more

    It depends on the structural member. For example, The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) specifies minimum concrete strength for precast pile as 28MPa. The code also provides minimum strength for other structural members. You can also visit:

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requirements-concrete/39004/

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What are the Indian standards to be referred to when designing the worker colony? Like area per person? Amenities to be provided? Urinals and washbasin and toilet seats to be provided? Area to be provided for laundry purposes?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Their is the Indian Indenture system in which 2million Indians were transported to labour in European colonies as a substitute for slave labour. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the British empire in 1833. Following are some 'Standards for workers’ accommodation: A. National/locRead more

    Their is the Indian Indenture system in which 2million Indians were transported to labour in European colonies as a substitute for slave labour. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the British empire in 1833. Following are some ‘Standards for workers’ accommodation: A. National/local standards B. General living facilities C. Room/dormitory facilities D. Sanitary and toilet facilities E. Canteen, cooking and laundry facilities F. Standards for nutrition and food safety G. Medical facilities H. Leisure, social and telecommunication facilities There is a large variety of workers’ living facilities. When cooking for a number of workers, hygiene and food safety are absolutely critical.

    Hope you understood.

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When do we decide that pile can now be terminated, of course there is depth given in the structural details but along with that there are some criteria to measure on-site if it is not fulfilled than you have to ...

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site: 1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site: PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)    Read more

    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site:

    1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling

    Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site:

    PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)                           Equation 1

    PPR: Pile penetration ratio, kN m/m^2/ cm

    N: RPM

    T: Torque corresponding to RPM, kN.m

    t: Time duration in minutes, normally 10 min

    A: Pile cross-section area, m^2

    D: Pile penetration, cm

    2. Chiseling Energy Concept

    Use the following expression to estimate the response of founding rock strata in terms of Energy Level:

    E=(W⋅h⋅n⋅N)/(A⋅d)                         Equation 2

    Where:

    E: Chisel energy level, kN.m/m^2/cm

    W: Weight of chisel, kN

    h: Fall of the chisel in meters given in every blow (m)

    n: Reduction factor, 0.8–1.0 based on likely drag on chisel due to slurry, submerged weight of chisel in high groundwater, winch rope friction, and type of muck (clayey or sandy), based on rock type.

    N: No. of blows in the stipulated duration, usually half an hour

    A: Nominal pile cross-sectional area, m^2

    D: Penetration into the rock strata in that stipulated duration, cm

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