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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Structural Engineering

How do you calculate twisting moment?

nikeetasharma
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how to calculate twisting moment?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 10:10 am

    Torsion is the twisting of a beam under the action of a torque (twisting moment). It is systematically applied to screws, nuts, axles, drive shafts etc, and is also generated more randomly under service conditions in car bodies, boat hulls, aircraft fuselages, bridges, springs and many other structuRead more

    Torsion is the twisting of a beam under the action of a torque (twisting moment). It is systematically applied to screws, nuts, axles, drive shafts etc, and is also generated more randomly under service conditions in car bodies, boat hulls, aircraft fuselages, bridges, springs and many other structures and components. A torque, T , has the same units (N m) as a bending moment, M . Both are the product of a force and a distance. In the case of a torque, the force is tangential and the distance is the radial distance between this tangent and the axis of rotation.

    All torsion problems can be solved using the following formula:

    T/J = shear stress/ r = (G * angle)/ L

    where:

    T = torque or twisting moment, [N×m, lb×in]
    J = polar moment of inertia or polar second moment of area about shaft axis, [m4, in4]
    τ = shear stress at outer fibre, [Pa, psi]
    r = radius of the shaft, [m, in]
    G = modulus of rigidity (PanGlobal and Reed’s) or shear modulus (everybody else), [Pa, psi]
    θ = angle of twist, [rad]
    L = length of the shaft, [m, in]

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Asked: September 26, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Which software will be more easy to make a 2D plan?

nikeetasharma
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Which software can be used to make a easy 2D plan?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on September 29, 2020 at 5:06 pm
    Which software will be more easy to make a 2D plan?

    Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling. ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software. Apart from that, theRead more

    Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling.

    ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software.

    Apart from that, the following software we can also use:

    • Infornia
    • Floorplanner- we can create a 2D 3D floor plan
    • Plan floor creator

     

     

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Asked: September 26, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What safeguards do you use to avoid mistakes in drawing a plan?

nikeetasharma
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What safeguards do you use to avoid mistakes in drawing a plan?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 9:41 pm

    Hi Nikeeta, Nice to read your answer to your question. I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan The plan is not co-ordinated - In many construction companies, due to lack of coordination between architectural drawing with electRead more

    Hi Nikeeta,

    Nice to read your answer to your question.

    I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan

    1. The plan is not co-ordinated – In many construction companies, due to lack of coordination between architectural drawing with electrical and electric drawing with mechanical for electric wires. Conduits, etc., which leads to a massive problem in the forward lane.
    2. Incomplete Plan: If an inexperienced engineer is going to draft complex building structures, many issues arise. Complete construction plans consist of multiple sheets, including architectural, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, and possibly other disciplines. The more complex the project, the more sheets of drawings there will be. When the plans are not complete, it increases the risk for the lender.
    3. Detail lacking: To reduce time, some architects/engineers will skip some of the drawings’ details. Rather than drawing the details of a roof edge dimensions or a window detail, they’ll add vague notes about what that portion of the construction will contain. That leads to significant problems for site engineers and results in error in structure. Once the contractor is on-site, and they have to attempt to interpret the puzzling notes into actual construction, they will generally have questions about exactly how that is to be done.
    4. The wrong set of PCR values:  The planning process produces various progress sets of drawings, from the original conceptual design drawings to progress collections of construction drawings. Ultimately, the “for construction” set that the contractor will use to build the building.
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Asked: August 18, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 11, 2020 at 4:39 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. MosRead more

    Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. Most of the times these two may be the same bar.

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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Miscellaneous

Describe the detailed classification of water application methods.

nikeetasharma
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Describe the detailed classification of water application methods. State the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on September 25, 2020 at 4:03 pm
    Describe the detailed classification of water application methods.

    Based on energy/pressure reqd Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations Based on placement of irrigation water (on, above or below soil surface) Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Subsurface irrigationRead more

    • Based on energy/pressure reqd

    Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations

    Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations

    • Based on placement of irrigation water (on, above or below soil surface)

    Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations

    Subsurface irrigation

    Overhead irrigation. Sprinkler & hand watering

    • Based on wetted area of crop root zone by irrigation

    Flood irrigation (Border, basin & furrow)

    Drip (or trickle or localized) irrigation

    Sprinkler irrigation

    Surface Irrigation Method: Borders

    • Best adapted to grain and forage crops
    • Good for uniform soils with mild slope
    • Not good for crops sensitive to wet soil conditions
    • Typical efficiencies range from 70 – 85%
    • Major investment is that of land grading or leveling
    • Border strip width, W = 3 – 30m; Length, L = 100 —- 800m
    • Has zero side slope and uniform longitudinal slope of <1%
    • Strips have no cross slope

    Surface Irrigation Method: Basins

    • Field is divided into small units surrounded by levees or dikes
    • Basin size: 1 to 15 ha; up to 100 to 400 m long
    • Most commonly practiced for rice and orchard tree crops
    • Level basin
    1. Water is held until it infiltrates or is drained away
    2. Minimum runoff loss and High application efficiency is possible
    • Graded basin (contour levee irrigation)
    1. Constructed with two levees parallel and two perpendicular to the field contours
    2. Water enters along the upper contour and flows to the lower.

    Advantages

    • Water covers the basin rapidly to ensure good uniformity
    • Best suited for lands/crops where leaching is required to wash out salts from the root zone
    • Involves the least labour of the surface methods
    • Design efficiencies can be on the order of 70-85%

    Limitations

    • Levees interfere with movement of farm equipment
    • Higher amount of water is required compared to sprinkler or drip irrigation
    • Amajor cost in basin irrigation is that of land grading or leveling
    • Impedes surface drainage

    Surface Irrigation Method: Furrow

    • Irrigation is accomplished by running water in small channels (furrow)
    • Constructed with or across the field slope
    • Water infiltrates from the bottom and sides of furrows moving laterally and downward to wet the soil and to move soluble salts, fertilizer and herbicides carried with the water
    • Widely spaced row crops such as potato, maize, vegetables, and trees
    • Loam soil with mild slope, 0.5-2%
    • Labour reqd is generally higher
    • Major initial cost is construction of furrow

    Types

    1. Level
    2. Graded
    3. Contour

    Advantages

    • Efficiency can be high.as 90%
    • Developed at a relatively low cost after necessary land-forming activities are accomplished
    • Erosion is minimal
    • Adaptable to a wide range of land slopes

    Limitation

    • Not suitable for high permeable soil where vertical infiltration is much higher than the lateral entry
    • Higher amount of water is required, compared to sprinkler or drip irrigation
    • Furrows should be closely arranged

    Sprinkler Irrigation

    • Water is delivered through a pressurized pipe network to sprinklers, nozzles, or jets which spray the water into the air, to fall to the soil as an artificial “rain”
    • Light sandy soils are well suited
    • Sprinklers can be used on any topography
    • Sometimes used to germinate seed and establish ground cover for crops like lettuce, alfalfa, and sod
    • Very high efficiency water application
    • High capital investment but has low labor requirements

    Types

    1. Portable or hand move
    2. Solid set & permanent
    3. Travelling gun system
    4. Side roll system
    5. Centre pivot & linear move system

    Advantages

    • Readily automatable
    • Facilitates to chemigation and fertigation
    • Reduced labor requirements needed for irrigation

    Limitations

    • Many crops (citrus, for example) are sensitive to foliar damage when sprinkled with saline waters
    • Initially high installation cost
    • High maintenance cost

    Drip Irrigation

    • Constant steady flow of water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants by means of applicators operated under low pressure
    • Applicators: orifices, emitters, porous tubing, perforated pipe
    • Most efficient irrigation system
    • Most suited to high-density orchards, tree crops, and high-value horticultural crops
    • Not designed for large root systems
    • Suited for situations where the water supply is limited
    • Very effective in applying nutrients (fertilizers)/insecticides through the drip system
    • Burying the drip system reduces water loss even further by preventing runoff across the surface

    Advantages: 

    • Highly efficient system
    • Limited water sources can be used
    • Right amount of water can be applied in the root zone
    • It can be automated and well adapted to chemigation and fertigation
    • Reduces nutrient leaching, labor requirement, and operating cost
    • Nearly uniform distribution of water
    • Lower pressures are required-low energy for pumping

    Limitations:

    • High initial cost
    • Technical skill is required to maintain and operate the system
    • The closer the spacing, the higher the system cost per hectare
    • Damage to drip tape may occur
    • Cannot wet the soil volume quickly (to recover from moisture deficit) as other systems
    • Facilitates shallow root zone
    • Needs clean water

    Other Forms of Irrigation

    Hand watering

    • Nurseries and Fruit trees

    Capillary irrigation

    • Wet the root zone by capillary rise
    • Buried pipes or deep surface canals

    Localized irrigation

    • Water is applied around each or group of plants
    • Wets root zone only

    Subsurface irrigation

    • Water is applied below the ground surface either by raising the water table within or near the root zone or by using a buried perforated or porous pipe system

     

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Asked: September 25, 2020In: Concrete

What is the difference between plain and reinforced concrete?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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Differentiate between plain and reinforced concrete. Among these to which one gives more strength?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on October 26, 2020 at 9:47 pm

    Basic differences PCC RCC Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. It carries Steel. PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. RCC is strong in both. PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. RCC gives you enoughRead more

    Basic differences

    PCC RCC
    Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete
    It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. It carries Steel.
    PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. RCC is strong in both.
    PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. RCC gives you enough time to vacate the structure before collapse.

    What is PCC DPC and RCC in civil engineering | RCC and PCC

      Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete
    Tension Steel tendons

    High tensile steel bars

    Included with tension

    Ordinary Mild Steel Deformed Bars

    No tension included

    Basic materials used Min grade of concrete

    Post-Tensioning → M30

    Pre-Tensioning  → M40

    to resist high stresses

     

    High strength steel to transfer large prestressing force

    Min grade of concrete → M20

    Steel                           → MS

    Effectiveness of member Entire section carries load Does not carries load
    Crack resistance High

    Cracks don’t occur under working loads

    Less
    Wt & suitability Light

    Heavy loads & longer spans

    Heavy

    Wt is more desired than steel

    Equiments Requires many specialized equiments

    Pulling jack, Post-tensioning pump, Master wedges, Anchhor head & bearing

    Doesn’t involve specialized equiments.
    Quality of steel reqd 1/3rd of RCC

    More strength & less c/s area

    More
    Deflection Very less More
    Load carrying capacity & Durability More Less
    Shock resistance More Less
    Yield As high as 2100 N/mm2 200 – 300 N/mm2
    Testing Testing of steel & concrete can be done while prestressing. No way of testing the steel & concrete.
    Cost Economical for span of 10m – 18m.

    As length of span gets ↑

    Cost % ↑

    C/s area of beam ↓

    Economical for span < 9m.
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Asked: September 28, 2020In: Construction

What is Trapezoidal Crest Wall?

nikeetasharma
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What is Trapezoidal Crest Wall?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on October 28, 2020 at 11:14 pm

    Trapezoidal weir is also called Cipolletti weir, used for measuring medium discharge & is a combination of ▭ular & △ular weirs. The slope of the sides, inclined outwardly from the crest, should be 1 horizontal : 4 vertical (1H : 4V). The selected length of the notch (L) should be at least 3HRead more

    Trapezoidal weir is also called Cipolletti weir, used for measuring medium discharge & is a combination of ▭ular & △ular weirs. The slope of the sides, inclined outwardly from the crest, should be 1 horizontal : 4 vertical (1H : 4V). The selected length of the notch (L) should be at least 3H & preferably 4H or longer.

    Q = ⅔ Cd L √2g H3/2 + 8/15 Cd tan θ/2 √2g H5/2

    If Q is lps, H in cm & L in cm.

    Q = 0.0186L H3/2

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Asked: September 23, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

How can Artificial Intelligence be used in Geotechnical Engineering?

nikeetasharma
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How can Artificial Intelligence be used in Geotechnical Engineering?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 6:07 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Hi, Geotechnical engineering deals with materials (e.g., soil and rock) that, by their very nature, exhibit varied and behavior due to the physical processes associated with the formation of these materials. Modeling such materials' behavior is complicated and usually beyond the ability of most tradRead more

    Hi,

    Geotechnical engineering deals with materials (e.g., soil and rock) that, by their very nature, exhibit varied and behavior due to the physical processes associated with the formation of these materials. Modeling such materials’ behavior is complicated and usually beyond the ability of most traditional forms of physically-based engineering methods. Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more popular and particularly amenable to modeling most geotechnical engineering materials’ complex behavior because it has demonstrated superior predictive ability compared to traditional methods. Over the last decade, AI has been applied successfully to virtually every problem in geotechnical engineering. However, despite this success, AI techniques are still facing classical opposition due to some inherent reasons such as lack of transparency, knowledge extraction, and model uncertainty, which will discuss in detail in this chapter. Among the available AI, techniques are artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic programming (GP), evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR), support vector machines, M5 model trees, and K-nearest neighbors (Elshorbagy et al.,2010). This chapter will focus on three AI techniques, including ANNs, GP, and EPR. 

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