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what are the advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing?
explain briefly about pile foundation and in which type of soil it can be used?
Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift. Thank You.
Pile foundations are habitually used for large structures and in certain situations where the soil at shallow depth is unsuitable to withstand excessive settlement & resist uplift.
Thank You.
See lessWhich software can be used to make a easy 2D plan?
Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling. ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software. Apart from that, theRead more
Various planning software is available in the market half key features 2D drawing and 3D modelling.
ArchiCAD is an architectural CAD software developed by Graphisoft which allow us to do 3D as well as 2D drafting visualisation for building model and this is the best 2D software.
Apart from that, the following software we can also use:
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What safeguards do you use to avoid mistakes in drawing a plan?
Hi Nikeeta, Nice to read your answer to your question. I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan The plan is not co-ordinated - In many construction companies, due to lack of coordination between architectural drawing with electRead more
Hi Nikeeta,
Nice to read your answer to your question.
I would like to add some significant mistakes that freshers civil engineers/architectures make while drawing plan
What is positive and negative reinforcement in reinforced concrete?
Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. MosRead more
Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. Most of the times these two may be the same bar.
See lessDescribe the detailed classification of water application methods. State the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Based on energy/pressure reqd Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations Based on placement of irrigation water (on, above or below soil surface) Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations Subsurface irrigationRead more
Gravity Irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations
Pressurized irrigation. Drip & Sprinkler irrigations
Surface irrigation. Border, basin & furrow irrigations
Subsurface irrigation
Overhead irrigation. Sprinkler & hand watering
Flood irrigation (Border, basin & furrow)
Drip (or trickle or localized) irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Advantages
Limitations
Types
Advantages
Limitation
Types
Advantages
Limitations
Advantages:
Limitations:
Hand watering
Capillary irrigation
Localized irrigation
Subsurface irrigation
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Differentiate between plain and reinforced concrete. Among these to which one gives more strength?
Basic differences PCC RCC Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. It carries Steel. PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. RCC is strong in both. PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. RCC gives you enoughRead more
Basic differences
| PCC | RCC |
| Plain Cement Concrete | R/f Cement Concrete |
| It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. | It carries Steel. |
| PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. | RCC is strong in both. |
| PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. | RCC gives you enough time to vacate the structure before collapse. |
| Plain Cement Concrete | R/f Cement Concrete | |
| Tension | Steel tendons
High tensile steel bars Included with tension |
Ordinary Mild Steel Deformed Bars
No tension included |
| Basic materials used | Min grade of concrete
Post-Tensioning → M30 Pre-Tensioning → M40 to resist high stresses
High strength steel to transfer large prestressing force |
Min grade of concrete → M20
Steel → MS |
| Effectiveness of member | Entire section carries load | Does not carries load |
| Crack resistance | High
Cracks don’t occur under working loads |
Less |
| Wt & suitability | Light
Heavy loads & longer spans |
Heavy
Wt is more desired than steel |
| Equiments | Requires many specialized equiments
Pulling jack, Post-tensioning pump, Master wedges, Anchhor head & bearing |
Doesn’t involve specialized equiments. |
| Quality of steel reqd | 1/3rd of RCC
More strength & less c/s area |
More |
| Deflection | Very less | More |
| Load carrying capacity & Durability | More | Less |
| Shock resistance | More | Less |
| Yield | As high as 2100 N/mm2 | 200 – 300 N/mm2 |
| Testing | Testing of steel & concrete can be done while prestressing. | No way of testing the steel & concrete. |
| Cost | Economical for span of 10m – 18m.
As length of span gets ↑ Cost % ↑ C/s area of beam ↓ |
Economical for span < 9m. |
What is Trapezoidal Crest Wall?
Trapezoidal weir is also called Cipolletti weir, used for measuring medium discharge & is a combination of ▭ular & △ular weirs. The slope of the sides, inclined outwardly from the crest, should be 1 horizontal : 4 vertical (1H : 4V). The selected length of the notch (L) should be at least 3HRead more
Trapezoidal weir is also called Cipolletti weir, used for measuring medium discharge & is a combination of ▭ular & △ular weirs. The slope of the sides, inclined outwardly from the crest, should be 1 horizontal : 4 vertical (1H : 4V). The selected length of the notch (L) should be at least 3H & preferably 4H or longer.
Q = ⅔ Cd L √2g H3/2 + 8/15 Cd tan θ/2 √2g H5/2
If Q is lps, H in cm & L in cm.
Q = 0.0186L H3/2
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nikeetasharma
Advantages of remote sensing :- 1. Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas which enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of extremely large features. 2. Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when collecting data on dRead more
Advantages of remote sensing :-
1. Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas which enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of extremely large features.
2. Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when collecting data on dynamic themes such as water, agricultural fields and so on.
3. Remote sensing allows for easy collection of data over a variety of scales and resolutions.
4. A single image captured through remote sensing can be analyzed and interpreted for use in various applications and purposes. There is no limitation on the extent of information that can be gathered from a single remotely sensed image.
5. Remotely sensed data can easily be processed and analyzed fast using a computer and the data utilized for various purposes.
6. Remote sensing is unobstructive especially if the sensor is passively recording the electromagnetic energy reflected from or emitted by the phenomena of interest. This means that passive remote sensing does not disturb the object or the area of interest.
7. Data collected through remote sensing is analyzed at the laboratory which minimizes the work that needs to be done on the field.
8. Remote sensing allows for map revision at a small to medium scale which makes it a bit cheaper and faster.
9. Color composite can be obtained or produced from three separate band images which ensure the details of the area are far much more defined than when only a single band image or aerial photograph is being reproduced.
10. It is easier to locate floods or forest fire that has spread over a large region which makes it easier to plan a rescue mission easily and fast.
11. Remote sensing is a relatively cheap and constructive method reconstructing a base map in the absence of detailed land survey methods.
Disadvantages of remote sensing :-
1. Remote sensing is a fairly expensive method of analysis especially when measuring or analyzing smaller areas.
See less2. Remote sensing requires a special kind of training to analyze the images. It is therefore expensive in the long run to use remote sensing technology since extra training must be accorded to the users of the technology.
3. It is expensive to analyze repetitive photographs if there is need to analyze different aspects of the photography features.
4. It is humans who select what sensor needs to be used to collect the data, specify the resolution of the data and calibration of the sensor, select the platform that will carry the sensor and determine when the data will be collected. Because of this, it is easier to introduce human error in this kind of analysis.
5. Powerful active remote sensing systems such as radars that emit their own electromagnetic radiation can be intrusive and affect the phenomenon being investigated.
6. The instruments used in remote sensing may sometimes be un-calibrated which may lead to un-calibrated remote sensing data.
7. Sometimes different phenomena being analyzed may look the same during measurement which may lead to classification error.
8. The image being analyzed may sometimes be interfered by other phenomena that are not being measured and this should also be accounted for during analysis.
9. Remote sensing technology is sometimes oversold to the point where it feels like it is a panacea that will provide all the solution and information for conducting physical, biological or scientific research.
10. The information provided by remote sensing data may not be complete and may be temporary.
11. Sometimes large scale engineering maps cannot be prepared from satellite data which makes remote sensing data collection incomplete.