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What is Pumped Concrete?
Pumped concrete is the concrete which is transported to heights by means of pumping using concrete pumps. This method is used where large quantity of concrete work is involved at greater height, where other means of transporting is not easy to do. Concrete pumps have been known for more than 50 years. In modern times, large quantities of concrete can be transported by means of pumping through pipelines over appreciable distances, often to locations that may not be easily accessible by other means of delivery.
Types of Concrete Pumps
There are basically two types of concrete pumps used for transporting, they are:- Direct acting concrete pumps
- Squeeze type concrete pumps
1. Direct Acting Concrete Pumps
A majority of the concrete pumps are of the direct-acting, horizontal piston-type with semi-rotary valves (fig.1). The operation of the direct- acting pump is simple. The concrete is fed into the pump by gravity and partly by suction created due to the reciprocating motion of the horizontally-acting piston, while the semi-rotary valves open and close alternately. Suction pressure of the order of 0.08 N/mm2 is developed in the pumping cylinder under favourable conditions.
Best suction conditions are obtained if the diameter of the suction pipe is the same as that of the pumping cylinder so that the concrete can flow unhindered. Concrete should be able to flow freely through the full cross section of the suction pipe and possible blockages due to over-sized aggregates should be avoided.
Ideally, the diameter of the suction pipe should be at least three times the maximum size of the aggregate in the concrete to be pumped. The diameter of the suction pipe therefore controls the maximum size of aggregate, which can be used in a given mix of concrete to be pumped.
During the ‘suction stroke’ the inlet valve opens and concrete is admitted into the pumping cylinder, the outlet valve remaining closed. In the ‘delivery stroke’ the outlet valve gets opened and the inlet valve being closed, the concrete gets pushed into the delivery pipeline.
The concrete moves in a series of impulses, the delivery pipe always remaining full. Outputs of up to 60 m3/h can be achieved in modern pumps through 220-mm diameter delivery pipes.
2. Squeeze type Concrete pumps
Squeeze type pumps are smaller portable peristaltic type pumps. The concrete from the collecting hopper is fed by rotating blades into a flexible pipe connected to the pumping chamber, which is under a vacuum of about 0.08 N/mm2. The vacuum ensures that, except when being squeezed by the rotating rollers, the pipe shape remains cylindrical and thus permits a continuous flow of concrete. The two rotating rollers mounted on planetary drives progressively squeeze the flexible pipe and thus push the concrete into the delivery pipe. Outputs of up to 20 m3/h can be obtained with squeeze pumps using 75-mm diameter pipelines.
Selecting a Suitable Concrete Pump
Concrete pumps are selected based on two primary parameters, the maximum desired volumetric output of concrete per hour and the peak pumping pressure, p. A nominal output of 30 m3/h is considered sufficient for routine concreting operations related to most civil engineering applications. For specialized jobs where greater output is desired, pumps with a capacity in excess of 120m3/h have been known to be deployed. The required power of the drive unit (prime mover) of the concrete pump depends on the desired delivery output of concrete, Q, and the pumping pressure, p. The delivery output and the pumping pressure are correlated by the expression for the hydraulic output, H, of the concrete pump:
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Curing Methods for Different Types of Concrete Construction 