The minimum and maximum spacing reinforcement in concrete structural members such as beams and slabs are required as per standard codes. The minimum reinforcement spacing is based on maximum size of aggregates, so that concrete can be placed and compacted ...
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Types of Shallow Foundations and their Uses
Shallow foundations are constructed where soil layer at shallow depth (upto 1.5m) is able to support the structural loads. The depth of shallow foundations are generally less than its width. Different Types of Shallow Foundations The different types of shallow foundation are: ...
8 Types of Cost Estimates in Construction
A cost estimate is predicted expenditure of a project which is generally prepared before the project is taken up. It is prepared in different types based on the requirement of project. The construction cost estimates can be prepared either in ...
Types of Plumbing and Drainage Systems in Buildings
Plumbing system in building is used for water supply through distribution system of pipes. Drainage system gets rid of human wastes through drainage pipes.
Penetration Value of Bitumen -Determination for Road Construction
Penetration value test on bitumen is a measure of hardness or consistency of bituminous material. A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies between 80 & 100.
Dry Density of Soil by Core Cutter Method for Soil Compaction
Dry Density of Soil by Core Cutter Method Cylindrical core cutters of 130mm long and 100mm diameter are used for testing the in-situ compaction of cohesive and clay soils placed as fill. By using core cutter method, bulk density of ...
Units of Measurement for Payments of Civil Construction Works
Units of Measurement for Payments of Civil Construction Works Units of Measurements for payment of construction works in civil engineering projects are given in table below: Sl. No. Civil Construction Works Units of measurement Unit of payment 1 Earthwork: Excavation, ...
Types of High-Rise Buildings Structural Systems
A multistory building higher than 21m or 21 to 29 floor buildings with unknown height described as high-rise structure. Various structural systems are available to be used in the construction of high rise building. In this article, different types of ...
Types of Steel Beam Connections and their Details
There are various types of steel beam connections used in structures. Steel beam connections are categorized into two groups namely framed and seated connections.
Underpinning Methods, Procedure and Applications in Foundation Strengthening
Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building foundations. Underpinning methods, procedures and their applications in strengthening of different types of foundations is discussed in this article.