Gopal Mishra - Best Answers
Home/ Gopal Mishra/Best AnswersDo you need to remove the ads? Become VIP Member
Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. When you join you get additional benefits.
Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer people’s questions, write articles & connect with other people. When you join you get additional benefits.
Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
What is Built up area and Super built up area?
Gopal Mishra
Built-up area and super built-up area is generally used in real-estate. It is used to calculate the cost of property per square feet or square meter. The built-up area is the carpet area plus the thickness of the outer walls and the balcony. The Super built-up area is the built-up area plus a proporRead more
Built-up area and super built-up area is generally used in real-estate. It is used to calculate the cost of property per square feet or square meter.
The built-up area is the carpet area plus the thickness of the outer walls and the balcony. The Super built-up area is the built-up area plus a proportionate area of common areas such as the lobby, lifts shaft, stairs, etc. Sometimes it may also include the common areas such, swimming pool, garden, clubhouse, etc.
The carpet area is the covered area of the usable spaces of rooms in the building. It is measured between walls to walls within the building and is the sum of the actual areas of the rooms where you can carpet.
Now, when the total cost of construction of a building including the cost of land or plot, is lets say, USD 10,000 and its carpet area is 1000 sqft, built-up area is 1250 sqft and super built-up area is 1500 sqft, then the cost of the building per square feet can be calculated as:
Cost per sqft of carpet area = USD 100,000/1000 = USD 100
Cost per sqft of built-up area = USD 100,000/1250 = USD 80
Cost per sqft of super built-up area = USD 100,000/1250 = USD 66.67
In this way, you can arrive at the actual cost of construction per square feet including the cost of land or plot. This can also be used to calculate the selling cost of the property.
See lessGeneral Details for Poured Walls Construction
Gopal Mishra
The design and detailing details of wall construction depend on many factors such as its purpose, type and amount of load on it, its support conditions, types of soils, etc. Unless these details are known, the sectional details can not be accurate or as required.
The design and detailing details of wall construction depend on many factors such as its purpose, type and amount of load on it, its support conditions, types of soils, etc. Unless these details are known, the sectional details can not be accurate or as required.
See lessHow to Calculate Reinforcement Steel Overlap Length?
Gopal Mishra
Lapping of reinforcement is usually done where minimum bending stress is required. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter is provided if both bars are of same diameter. Lap length in tension: The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be For flexural tensionRead more
Lapping of reinforcement is usually done where minimum bending stress is required. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter is provided if both bars are of same diameter.
Lap length in tension:
The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be
For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered.
For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered.
The straight length of lapping of bars shall not be less than 15d or 20cm.
Lap Length in Compression:
The lap length is equal to the development length calculated in compression but not less than 24d.
For Different Diameter Bars:
See lessWhen the bars of different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length is calculated considering the smaller diameter bar.
What is Grade of Concrete, its Types, Usage and Selection?
Gopal Mishra
What is Grade of Concrete? Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the concrete must posses after 28 days of construction with proper quality control. Grade of concrete is denoted by prefixing M to the desired strength in MPa. For example, for a grade of concrete with 20MPa strength, itRead more
What is Grade of Concrete?
Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the concrete must posses after 28 days of construction with proper quality control.
Grade of concrete is denoted by prefixing M to the desired strength in MPa. For example, for a grade of concrete with 20MPa strength, it will be denoted by M20, where M stands for Mix.
These grade of concrete is converted into various mix proportions. For example, for M20 concrete, mix proportion will be 1:1.5:3 for cement:sand:coarse aggregates.
How to select suitable grade for concrete construction?
Grade of concrete construction is selected based on structural design requirements. There are two types of concrete mixes, nominal mix and design mix.
Nominal mix concrete are those which are generally used for small scale construction and small residential buildings where concrete consumption is not high. Nominal mix takes care of factor of safety against various quality control problems generally occurring during concrete construction.
Design mix concrete are those for which mix proportions are obtained from various lab tests. Use of design mix concrete requires good quality control during material selection, mixing, transportation and placement of concrete. This concrete offers mix proportions based on locally available material and offers economy in construction if large scale concrete construction is carried out.
Thus, large concrete construction projects uses design mix concrete.
So, suitable grade of concrete can be selected based on structural requirements. Nominal mixes for grades of concrete such as M15, M20, M25 are generally used for small scale construction.
Large structures have high strength requirements, thus they go for higher grades of concrete such as M30 and above. The mix proportions of these concretes are based on mix design.
Regular Grades of Concrete and their Uses
Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works, generally M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20 grade of concrete are used.
What are Bearing Capacity Values of Different Types of Soil?
Gopal Mishra
Following table shows maximum bearing capacity values of different types of soils: Types of Soil Bearing Capacity (Kg/m2) Bearing Capacity (kN/m2) Soft, wet clay or muddy clay 5000 50 Soft clay 10000 100 Fine, loose and dry sand 10000 100 Black cotton soil 15000 150 Moist clay and sand clay MixtureRead more
Following table shows maximum bearing capacity values of different types of soils:
Bearing capacity of soil is the maximum load per unit area. This is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil shown in table. Dividing the ultimate soil bearing capacity by a safety factor we get the maximum safe bearing capacity of soil for design of foundations.
See lessWhy Voids are Considered in Calculation of Material Quantity of Mortar?
Gopal Mishra
Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keepRead more
Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keeps away from each other.
This bulking of sand increases with increase in moisture content upto a certain limit and decreases with further increase in moisture. This can be seen in the figure.
As you know that, we while calculating quantities of materials required for mortar, we consider the dry volume of the sand. But in practical cases, the sand has some free moisture due to which the volume of the sand is more than its dry volume.
Thus, while calculating the quantities of materials for mortar, the voids are considered in the sand and increased wet volume is used in the calculation. When the sand is dried up, the moisture in sand is replaced by the voids.
See lessWhat is the difference between Tender and Contract Documents?
Gopal Mishra
To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain. Tender Documents: A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame andRead more
To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain.
Tender Documents:
A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame and as per conditions of contract and agreement between the contractor and the owner or the department or the party.
The tender documents contains the bill of quantities (BOQ), specifications of the works to be carried out, time frame for the completion of the work, conditions of the contract and plans and drawings. These documents are provided to the contractor on the payment of certain fees. The contractor who quotes the lowest rates for the overall works are offer the contract to execute the work.
Contract Documents:
Contract documents are the agreement between the owner or the party or the department and the contractor to execute the works as specified in the tender documents as per conditions of contract on the rates quoted by the contractor.
The difference between Tender and Contract Documents:
The difference here to be noted is that tender documents are offered to as many contractors as possible to get the lowest quotes for the work specified, while the contract documents are signed only with the contractor with lowest tender or rates.
While the tender documents contains the conditions of contract and all the details for the specified work, there is not much difference between the two in terms of contents. But tender documents can not be submitted as Letter of Acceptance (LOA) as these are two different types of documents. While a tender document can not bind the contractor to do the work, a contract document binds the contractor to complete the work as per the agreement.
Simple Example to understand the difference between tender and contract documents:
When you are selected for a job in a company you are offered offer letter to join the company. But getting selected in a company does not mean that you join the same company, you may have other offer letters as well. But when you sign the letter of acceptance (LOA) for the job, you are bound to join the company. So, here offer letter from the company is a tender document and LOA is the contract document.
See less