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Kuldeep Singh - Best Answers

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  1. Asked: July 22, 2020In: Concrete

    Why are 6 cubes cast for testing the Compressive Strength?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 23, 2020 at 1:21 pm

    Whenever testing for cube strength, it is always advised to make and test three specimens from the same mix. This is done to reduce or average out the error due to manually introduced differences in the three cubes. Now, concrete and cement are always tested at both 7 days and 28 days for compressivRead more

    Whenever testing for cube strength, it is always advised to make and test three specimens from the same mix. This is done to reduce or average out the error due to manually introduced differences in the three cubes.

    Now, concrete and cement are always tested at both 7 days and 28 days for compressive strength. The compressive strength at seven days is known to be 65% of the final (28 days) strength. This double testing is done so that if the seven days strength is found inappropriate, the cubes may be straight away discarded to save 21 days’ time because the 28-day strength will also probably be below par. Now, a time even earlier than seven days is not chosen because, at that age, strength gain is very steep, and there’s a higher margin of error. Also, seven days is a round figure.

    For both the tests, 3 cubes each are employed. Hence, a total of 6 cubes go through the compression test.

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  2. Asked: July 22, 2020In: Concrete

    Why is the characteristic compressive strength fck reduced to 0.67 fck?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 22, 2020 at 6:16 pm

    I agree with the reason given by CB Sowmya, but only partially. We don't assume concrete strength to be 2/3rd of the characteristic strength, but there's a logical reason behind it. She's only stated the shape factor with the correct 20% decrease in strength, but there is also a size factor. What haRead more

    I agree with the reason given by CB Sowmya, but only partially.

    We don’t assume concrete strength to be 2/3rd of the characteristic strength, but there’s a logical reason behind it. She’s only stated the shape factor with the correct 20% decrease in strength, but there is also a size factor.

    What happens is, first of all, due to slenderness, concrete cylinders have shown to have 80% of the characteristic strength corresponding to 150mm cubes. But also, even concrete cubes of sizes exceeding 450mm show only 85% the strength as compared to the standard 150mm ones. Since the concrete members will neither be cubes and not just 450mm, we need to take into account both the factors.

    So, the new compressive strength becomes 0.8*0.85*fck = 0.68 fck. Now, 0.68 fck is very close to 0.67 fck or fck/1.5. So, for a rounder figure, we take it as 0.67 fck.

    Note: This 1.5 isn’t the factor of safety. (FoS). A factor of 1.5 is further applied for design and the design strength becomes 0.67 fck / 1.5 = 0.446 fck.

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  3. Asked: July 22, 2020In: Structural Engineering

    What is bar bending schedule in RCC?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 22, 2020 at 6:10 pm

    Bar bending schedule (BBS) is a comprehensive, detailed list of reinforcement bars to be used in an RCC construction along with their number, location, mark, type, size, lengths, details in correspondence with the drawings. It also includes the timing for the bending of each bar, and that is why it'Read more

    Bar bending schedule (BBS) is a comprehensive, detailed list of reinforcement bars to be used in an RCC construction along with their number, location, mark, type, size, lengths, details in correspondence with the drawings. It also includes the timing for the bending of each bar, and that is why it’s called a bending schedule.

    Bars are needed to be bent in order to give them the desired reinforcement shape. Stirrups and anchorages are two places where bar bending is compulsory. In addition, when we need to join bars, we might want to bend them on the ends before welding or fastening.

    BBS also gives a clear and logical understanding as to how much bars of what sizes will be needed to be procured and bent by what time so that no delay, all procurement is done with minimal transport expenses, and all bending is done with minimal machine and labor costs.

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  4. Asked: July 20, 2020In: Transportation

    What is meaning of yellow & white meridian line road?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 22, 2020 at 12:06 am

    Meridian lines, in addition to marking lanes, provide necessary guidelines, instructions, and restrictions on roads. Yellow and white are the most common ones. There is no difference in the roads marked by yellow or white lines as such, but only the instructions given by them are different. Their reRead more

    Meridian lines, in addition to marking lanes, provide necessary guidelines, instructions, and restrictions on roads. Yellow and white are the most common ones. There is no difference in the roads marked by yellow or white lines as such, but only the instructions given by them are different. Their relative occurrence varies from country to country.

    Soild white line: a solid white line along the curb or between two lanes means that switching lanes and overtaking is disallowed until the line changes.

    Broken white line: a broken white line is found between two lanes or in the middle of the road. It means that switching lanes or overtaking is allowed and safe.

    Solid yellow line: a solid yellow line between two lanes means essentially the same thing as a solid white line. A solid yellow line along the curb means that parking at the side of the road is disallowed.

    Double solid yellow line: a double solid yellow line down the middle or between two lanes means that overtaking or switching lanes is dangerous and is not advisable although not disallowed. A double solid yellow line along the curb means that a specific waiting time by the side of the road is allowed, but parking and leaving is not allowed.

    Double yellow solid and broken line: This is a kind of double meridian line found in the middle between two lanes with one line solid and one broken. It means that drivers on the side of the solid line are disallowed from changing lanes or overtaking, but drivers on the side of the broken line are allowed switching lanes and overtaking.

     

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  5. Asked: July 20, 2020In: Construction

    Which one should be stronger brick or brick bond?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 21, 2020 at 10:31 pm

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that "Mortar must never be stronger than bricks." It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger,Read more

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that “Mortar must never be stronger than bricks.” It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger, eventually break up on their own with time without extra forces applied.

    First, you must understand that nobody is trying to break your wall. The extra loads, in addition to compressive loads from the top, are only due to minor movements from temperature changes, structural settlement, etc. and lateral forces. Even though you do make a stronger mortar, breaking won’t be significantly toughened.

    Now, coming to the actual reasons, the joints must be weaker because of the wall cracks or breaks, it should preferably do so trough the mortar than the bricks because mortar will be easier and cheaper to repair. Also, if bricks break, the whole wall could come down, but mortar won’t break at all places in the wall. Also, rich and strong mortars tend to be rigid against minor movements and are comparative more vulnerable to initiate cracks as a consequence.

    Secondly, from a durability standpoint, it is even more important to have a weaker mortar. If there’s hard and dense mortar around porous open textured bricks, the bricks absorb moisture more readily during rains. Now when the weather improves, bricks can’t dry up freely from all sides because of hard imporous mortar surrounding. This water retained in the blocks weakens them. Further, if there’s extreme cold, freezing and thawing will cause the bricks to split and break, which can be catastrophic. If we have a weaker mortar, water will take a path, thought it.

    So, you need a weaker bond and stronger brick so as to protect the bricks from failing rather than the mortar because it will be more catastrophic and expensive.

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  6. Asked: July 20, 2020In: Structural Engineering

    What is the compressive strength of Fe500 rebars?

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 21, 2020 at 10:30 pm

    It is generally assumed to be 250 MPa.

    It is generally assumed to be 250 MPa.

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  7. Asked: July 15, 2020In: Concrete

    How Electrical Curing of Concrete works?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 16, 2020 at 3:01 pm

    The electrical curing of concrete is done by employing the heat generated from an alternating current to raise the temperature of maturing concrete. The concrete is heated up using an AC till up to about 90ºC because ten degrees more will cause the water to turn into steam, which can cause damage toRead more

    The electrical curing of concrete is done by employing the heat generated from an alternating current to raise the temperature of maturing concrete.

    The concrete is heated up using an AC till up to about 90ºC because ten degrees more will cause the water to turn into steam, which can cause damage to concrete. With this heat, the hydration reactions of maturing concrete are thermally accelerated.

    Now, the curing can be done in three ways. The first is the most popular one :

    1. Electrode plates or a network of electrode plates are joined to the faces of the concrete member, and an AC of generally 30V or 60V is passed for a period of at most three days. Larger curing times have been seen to be uneconomical even in the most favorable conditions.
    2. A larger magnitude and lower voltage AC as compared to method one is passed only through the steel reinforcement in the concrete. This provides for a slow but steady and uniform distribution of heat.
    3. Large electric pads surround the concrete much like shuttering. Current is passed only through the pads, and they are heated up. The heat, in turn, heats up the concrete very uniformly.

    Although it’s quite an impressive technique of concrete curing, it is rarely used because it’s generally uneconomical. It is only used in cold climates where concrete is very susceptible to freezing and thawing within the first week. Also, natural curing is not very easy in cold weather. The technique was even born in Sweden.

    Another use is where cost is not, but time is the most important consideration. Maybe in large projects and in real estate.

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  8. Asked: July 15, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

    What is Creep in Soil Mechanics?

    Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Added an answer on July 15, 2020 at 11:35 pm

    Creep in soil is pretty much similar in concept to creep in general. Only the manifestation and consequences are different in different materials and can be very peculiar in soil. Creep in soil is the time dependant development of shear strains and/or volumetric strains in a soil mass in the  stateRead more

    Creep in soil is pretty much similar in concept to creep in general. Only the manifestation and consequences are different in different materials and can be very peculiar in soil.

    Creep in soil is the time dependant development of shear strains and/or volumetric strains in a soil mass in the  state of a constant effective stress for a prolonged period of time.

    It is also sometimes referred to as the gradual loss of cohesion over a prolonged period of time in soil.

    Unlike concrete, where creep results in deflection and cracking, creep in soil  to may lead to long term settlement, movements of slopes, gradual loss of soil from slopes or shear failure.

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