If a building foundation sits on soft or filled-in soil, the whole building may fail in an earthquake regardless of the advanced engineering techniques employed. Assuming, however that the soil beneath a structure is firm and solid, engineers can greatly improve how the building foundation system will respond to seismic waves.

Another solution refers to base isolation which involves floating a building above its foundation on a system of bearings, springs or padded cylinders.

Here, positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to positive and negative bending in the member. So wherever we anticipate postive bending or sagging in a member, we provide postive reinforcement and wherever we anticipate negative bending or hogging, we provide negative reinforcement. Most of the times these two may be the same bar.

GPS ;

Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, a constellations of satellites developed by the United States Department of Defence. At first the GPS was made for military use only, but later made accessible to civilians as well. But recently, GPS is most widely used GNSS satellite constellation in the world.

GLONASS ;

Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) is an acronym which is translated from Russian, this means Global Navigation Satellite System. It is accessible for both military and civil use and also provides real time position and velocity determination.

The main difference between GPS & GLONASS is that, with GPS satellites use the same radio frequencies but have different codes for communication while GLONASS satellites have the same codes but use different frequencies, allowing satellites on the same orbital plane to communicate.