Structural Engineering
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What are the Static and Dynamic Effects of Bridge Cranes?
Komal Bhandakkar
Dear students, To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes. Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap. Use of bridge crane: lift and move heavy loads from one placeRead more
Dear students,
To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes.
Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap.
Use of bridge crane:
Static effects:
Dynamic effects:
- Generally neglected because of their operation at low speed.
- Dynamic behaviour of a megastructure as a movable flexible structure is different than of a smaller crane.
- Vibration is a serious problem.
- Extra fatigue damage can occur.
See lessWhich is the most economical way of roofing for rural areas?
Kuldeep Singh
The most economical way for rural roofing would be to gather locally available materials (preferably for free i.e., they can be just adapted and used rather than bought) and build a sound and durable roof out it. Durability is much important than just cheapness because if it's not durable, it'll neeRead more
The most economical way for rural roofing would be to gather locally available materials (preferably for free i.e., they can be just adapted and used rather than bought) and build a sound and durable roof out it. Durability is much important than just cheapness because if it’s not durable, it’ll need oft replacement, which will make it uneconomical.
Depending on the location and the time of the year, the locally available durable materials could be bamboo, mud, hemp, straw, clay, terracotta, etc. These could be used in combination as well. Like mud + bamboo roofing is quite common. It’s surprisingly strong and also insulates well.
Other non-natural yet locally available cheap materials can be ton sheets, waste plastic sheets, asbestos sheets, or unused wood.
Remember, the idea is more focussed on cutting down the cost of procurement and transportation by getting materials for free locally rather than looking for the cheapest material overlooking durability.
Also, it’s best if labor is not employed, and roofing is done by oneself. These kinds of jobs are rurally common nonetheless.
See lessWhat are the Primary and secondary load-bearing structures of high-rise concrete buildings?
The load-bearing structure can be classified into two category- Primary load-bearing structure - This type of structure responsible for direct load-bearing and resist all of the load. This is specially designed as a load-carrying member. This will include like beam, column, footing, shear wall.Read more
The load-bearing structure can be classified into two category-
- Secondary load-bearing structure – This type of structure is not designed as a load-bearing member of the structure. This will include like decorative screens, canopies.
See lessWhat are different structural shapes used in steel structures amd its Importance and Function?
ANGLE SECTION - use for both compression and tension member. it is also used for a build-up beam. equal angle unequal angle bulb angle - mostly use for ship and storage tank construction CHANNEL SECTION - mostly used for the build-up column. also, use for tension members. I-SECTION - this kind of seRead more
- CHANNEL SECTION – mostly used for the build-up column. also, use for tension members.
- I-SECTION – this kind of section widely use for beam construction due to its better stiffness.
See lessWhat is the maximum width of stair case for public buildings?
Madeh Izat Hamakareem
Staircase Width Type of Building Minimum Width Residential 1.00 – 1.25 m Residential hotel 1.5 m Assembly 2.00m Educational 1.50 m Institutional 2.00 m Please visit the following link for more details about staircase requirements including staircase width: https://test.theconstructor.org/building/stRead more
Staircase Width
Please visit the following link for more details about staircase requirements including staircase width:
https://test.theconstructor.org/building/standard-staircase-requirement/5122/
See lessWhere is the T beam used in concrete structure?
Vivek Patel
T beam is used in frame structure or any special structure. If the load is low, then we should use a single RC beam. If load is intermediate, then we should use a double RC beam. If the load is very high, then we should use the T beam at the intermediate beam and L beam at the edge.
T beam is used in frame structure or any special structure.
If the load is low, then we should use a single RC beam.
If load is intermediate, then we should use a double RC beam.
If the load is very high, then we should use the T beam at the intermediate beam and L beam at the edge.
See lessHow to design Formwork?
aviratdhodare
Column Formwork Before erecting column formwork, make sure the steel is checked and ready for casting. Place the formwork for column from predetermined grids. Plumb it from both sides and support it securely using adjustable steel props. The angle of propping should be 45° to the floor. Make sure thRead more
Column Formwork
Before erecting column formwork, make sure the steel is checked and ready for casting.
Make a final check for plumb if the formwork is safely propped and column alignment before and right after the concrete is poured and vibrated.
Beam formwork
1 Thicken timber of strengthening plywood must be provided to beams soffit.
2. Beams side – 18 mm plywood, 25 mm boards, studs 500 to 600 mm centers.
3. Walkers and ties over 600 mm must provide
4. If possible, use angle fillets to soffit joints.
5. For calls work allowance made for height adjustment.
Constructing beam framework erections sequence is
1.Mark sole plates position
2. Setting heights of falsework
3. Erect side walls and construct beam soffit.
4. Take the proper position of the soleplate.
Staircase Formwork
Points to be considered
- The formwork should support the concrete weight. The weight of the throat of both stair and step should be upheld.
- Formwork should be tied very tightly together to hold the sideways movement because of the slope the force is transferred sideways.
- Consider the finish of the stair treads and type of nosing.
See lessSpace may have to be left for the purpose made nosing.
What is Formula to Decide the Termination Depth of the Pile?
Madeh Izat Hamakareem
Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site: 1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site: PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d) Read more
Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site:
1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling
Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site:
PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d) Equation 1
PPR: Pile penetration ratio, kN m/m^2/ cm
N: RPM
T: Torque corresponding to RPM, kN.m
t: Time duration in minutes, normally 10 min
A: Pile cross-section area, m^2
D: Pile penetration, cm
2. Chiseling Energy Concept
Use the following expression to estimate the response of founding rock strata in terms of Energy Level:
E=(W⋅h⋅n⋅N)/(A⋅d) Equation 2
Where:
E: Chisel energy level, kN.m/m^2/cm
W: Weight of chisel, kN
h: Fall of the chisel in meters given in every blow (m)
n: Reduction factor, 0.8–1.0 based on likely drag on chisel due to slurry, submerged weight of chisel in high groundwater, winch rope friction, and type of muck (clayey or sandy), based on rock type.
N: No. of blows in the stipulated duration, usually half an hour
A: Nominal pile cross-sectional area, m^2
D: Penetration into the rock strata in that stipulated duration, cm
See less