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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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Please can someone let me know what the minimum ceiling height should be for a large bedroom, it’s about 20 metres long by 5 metres wide?

  1. Sagar Rao

    10 feet is minimum ceiling height from finished floor level. Ceiling fan will consume at least 1 feet 6 inches from top. Average height of a man considered as 6 feet, when he/she raised his/her hand it will come to 7 feet 6 inches to 8 feet. So clear distance will be minimum 6 inches from palm top tRead more

    10 feet is minimum ceiling height from finished floor level.

    Ceiling fan will consume at least 1 feet 6 inches from top.

    Average height of a man considered as 6 feet, when he/she raised his/her hand it will come to 7 feet 6 inches to 8 feet.

    So clear distance will be minimum 6 inches from palm top to ceiling fan.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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I am really happy to join and I would like to ask what are items to be taken into consideration when preparing quotation for construction works and approximate cost of each item on the post of construction work supervisor. Simply I ...

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out. For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the deRead more

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out.

    For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the details about type of work such as brickwork in superstructure or substructure, or at particular height, the mix proportion of cement and sand, etc. are provided. All you have to do is to estimate the unit rate for the brickwork for the given specification of the work and provide the rate to the client.

    For estimating unit rate of brickwork, the cost of materials such as bricks, cement, sand and water, the labor required for unit work done, cost / rent of tools and equipment, contractor’s profit, contingencies etc. need to be calculated and summed up.

    Thus to estimate the cost of unit quantity of particular work, the cost of materials, tools, equipment, labor, transportation, profit, contingencies etc. shall be considered for the calculation.

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Asked: In:
Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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When we calculate quantity of materials for cement mortar, the voids are considered for sand. So, my question is why these voids are considered while calculating quantities of materials in cement mortar?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keepRead more

    Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keeps away from each other.

    This bulking of sand increases with increase in moisture content upto a certain limit and decreases with further increase in moisture. This can be seen in the figure.
    Bulking of Sand

    As you know that, we while calculating quantities of materials required for mortar, we consider the dry volume of the sand. But in practical cases, the sand has some free moisture due to which the volume of the sand is more than its dry volume.

    Thus, while calculating the quantities of materials for mortar, the voids are considered in the sand and increased wet volume is used in the calculation. When the sand is dried up, the moisture in sand is replaced by the voids.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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How the slope system in pipes and drains works and how to check and maintain the same at construction sites? What are the methods for the same? What is the mean of 1:4 slope for pipes and drains?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    Slopes in pipes and drains are decided by quantity of water or wastewater to be transported through it by the action of gravity in cumecs. Following things influence the slopes of drains and pipes: 1. Quantity of water to be transported 2. Size or diameter of the pipe 3. Distance the water to be carRead more

    Slopes in pipes and drains are decided by quantity of water or wastewater to be transported through it by the action of gravity in cumecs. Following things influence the slopes of drains and pipes:

    1. Quantity of water to be transported

    2. Size or diameter of the pipe

    3. Distance the water to be carried

    4. Velocity or the pressure required for the water at the outlet, if any

    Slopes of drains and pipes at construction site is checked by dumpy level or level machines. For the same, you have to calculate depth of pipes at different intervals.

    Suppose, 1:4 slope of the pipe is required as per drawing (as mentioned by you), then the depth of pipe at should have a difference of 1 m from start of the pipe to the end of pipe at 4m. If you want to know the depth of pipe at 2m length, then it will be half of the end position, i.e. 0.5m. These are calculated based on triangle.

    Slopes are always mentioned w.r.t. a reference point. Consider your reference point as a levelled surface. Then length of the pipe required will be length of the triangle, base will be the depth required from the start to end of the pipe. Now you can divide the triangle at different point and calculate the depth required at different locations of the pipeline or drain system.

    I will provide your more details with figures soon.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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What are the difference between Tender and Contract Documents? Can we mention tender documents as contract document while issuing LOA to  the Contractor. if no then what is the difference?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Best Answer
    Gopal Mishra

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain. Tender Documents: A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame andRead more

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain.

    Tender Documents:

    A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame and as per conditions of contract and agreement between the contractor and the owner or the department or the party.

    The tender documents contains the bill of quantities (BOQ), specifications of the works to be carried out, time frame for the completion of the work, conditions of the contract and plans and drawings. These documents are provided to the contractor on the payment of certain fees. The contractor who quotes the lowest rates for the overall works are offer the contract to execute the work.

    Contract Documents:

    Contract documents are the agreement between the owner or the party or the department and the contractor to execute the works as specified in the tender documents as per conditions of contract on the rates quoted by the contractor.

    The difference between Tender and Contract Documents:

    The difference here to be noted is that tender documents are offered to as many contractors as possible to get the lowest quotes for the work specified, while the contract documents are signed only with the contractor with lowest tender or rates.

    While the tender documents contains the conditions of contract and all the details for the specified work, there is not much difference between the two in terms of contents. But tender documents can not be submitted as Letter of Acceptance (LOA) as these are two different types of documents. While a tender document can not bind the contractor to do the work, a contract document binds the contractor to complete the work as per the agreement.

    Simple Example to understand the difference between tender and contract documents:

    When you are selected for a job in a company you are offered offer letter to join the company. But getting selected in a company does not mean that you join the same company, you may have other offer letters as well. But when you sign the letter of acceptance (LOA) for the job, you are bound to join the company. So, here offer letter from the company is a tender document and LOA is the contract document.

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