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Asked: November 18, 2017In: Foundation

What are Bearing Capacity Values of Different Types of Soil?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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What are the bearing capacity values of different types of soils such as clay, sand, gravel, rocks etc.?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on August 12, 2020 at 11:32 pm

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 - Rocks - a) hard sound rock - 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2 b) leminated rock - 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2 c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2 d) soft rock - 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2 Non Cohesive Soil (sandRead more

    Follwoing are the values of safe bearing capacity as per IS:1904–1978 –

    Rocks –

    a) hard sound rock – 330 t/m2 or 3240 KN/m2

    b) leminated rock – 165 t/m2 or 1620 KN/m2

    c) residual deposit of shattered and broken rocks- 90 t/m2 or 880 KN/m2

    d) soft rock – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    Non Cohesive Soil (sand & gravel ) –

    a) compact gravel, sand and gravel – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) compact and dry coarse sand – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    c) compact and dry medium sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    d) find sand – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    e) loose gavel or sand – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    f) loose and dry fine sand – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    Cohesive soil –

    a) hard or stiff clay, soft shale – 45 t/m2 or 440 KN/m2

    b) medium clay – 25 t/m2 or 245 KN/m2

    c) moist clay and sand clay mixture – 15 t/m2 or 150 KN/m2

    d) soft clay – 10 t/m2 or 100 KN/m2

    e) very soft clay – 5 t/m2 or 50 KN/m2

    f) black cotton soil , peat – by soil investigation

    This is bit difficult to state like this. Generally, in fields, we deal with layered soil systems where in you need to work out settlement of each layer and then compare the same to allowable settlement of the subject structure. The allowable settlement for each structure in different and hence the criterion changes all the time.

    More than shear criteria, the settlement criteria generally governs the safe bearing capacity of a soil. So, it is difficult to standardize the bearing capacity values in case of soils. May be, in the case of rock, you can standardize the values as the rock does not settle more than 3–4 mm.

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Asked: October 5, 2020In: Interview Questions

Why correction of curvature is always considered as a negative?

Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

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Why correction of curvature is always considered as a negative?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 8:29 pm

    Here, consider lens or mirror at the origin. Now, all the distances measured in the direction of incident rays are positive and distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of incident rays are negative. All distances have to be measured from the lens or mirror. For example object dRead more

    Here, consider lens or mirror at the origin. Now, all the distances measured in the direction of incident rays are positive and distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of incident rays are negative. All distances have to be measured from the lens or mirror. For example object distance measured from lens or mirror is measured in the direction opposite to direction of incident rays hence, in these case object distance u is negative. The paraxial parallel rays are focused on the right hand side of convex lens. See, this distance f is measured in the direction of incident rays . Hence, focal length of convex lens is positive. But, we can see that focal length of concave mirror is negative. It’s radius of curvature is also negative. The radius of curvature of first surface of convex lens is positive, but radius of curvature of it’s second surface is negative. You can see that radius of curvature and focal length of concave mirror are negative.

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Asked: October 5, 2020In: Construction Site Related

Why Back Sight is also called as Plus Sight?

Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

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Why Back Sight is also called as Plus Sight?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on November 17, 2020 at 5:50 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Back Sight: Backsight is simply a first reading which is taken after setting up the instrument.  Why the backsight is also called plus sight: Only because the reading is taken of known elevation to continue taking foresight reading.  Thank You.

    Back Sight: Backsight is simply a first reading which is taken after setting up the instrument. 


    Why the backsight is also called plus sight:

    Only because the reading is taken of known elevation to continue taking foresight reading. 


    Thank You.

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Asked: October 5, 2020In: Miscellaneous

What is the difference between Water Content and Lod?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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What is the difference between Water Content and Lod?

  1. sanjaypakad

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    sanjaypakad Beginner
    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 5:37 pm

    Water content is determined by the Karl Fischer titration method and it consists of only water i.e moisture content. ... Loss on drying (LOD) is determined by heating the sample below its melting point in an oven and it includes all volatile matter including water content and solvents.

    Water content is determined by the Karl Fischer titration method and it consists of only water i.e moisture content. … Loss on drying (LOD) is determined by heating the sample below its melting point in an oven and it includes all volatile matter including water content and solvents.

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Asked: October 5, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

What is an Outcrop in the Rocks?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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What is an Outcrop in the Rocks? What is its significance in civil engineering?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 1:05 pm

    Rock outcrops are defined as visible exposures of bedrock or other geologic formations at the surface of the Earth. Rock outcrops take many different forms within the Park, ranging from the massive granite boulders of Old Rag Mountain, to the sheer cliffs of Little Stony Man, and the jumbled boulderRead more

    Rock outcrops are defined as visible exposures of bedrock or other geologic formations at the surface of the Earth. Rock outcrops take many different forms within the Park, ranging from the massive granite boulders of Old Rag Mountain, to the sheer cliffs of Little Stony Man, and the jumbled boulder fields of Blackrock.

    Most civil engineering projects involve some excavation of soils and rocks, or involve loading the Earth by building on it. In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product, such as a motorway cutting or the site f or a reservoir. The feasibility, the planning and design, the construction and costing, and the safety of a project may depend critically on the geological conditions where the construction will take place. This is especially the case in extended ‘greenfield’ sites, where the area affected by the project stretches for kilometres, across comparatively undeveloped ground. Examples include the Channel Tunnel project and the construction of motorways. In a section of the M9 motorway linking Edinburgh and Stirling that crosses abandoned oil-shale workings, realignment of the road, on the advice of government geologists, led to a substantial saving. In modest projects, or in those involving the redevelopment of a limited site, the demands on the geological knowledge of the engineer or the need for geological advice will be less, but are never negligible. Site investigation by boring and by testing samples may be an adequate preliminary to construction in such cases.

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Asked: October 5, 2020In: Transportation

What are the best economical pavement design method for road construction?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

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aviratdhodare

What are the best economical pavement design method for road construction?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare
    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 7:41 am
    This answer was edited.

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Asked: December 20, 2018In: Concrete

fly Ash Percentage in PPC Cements

deayan
deayan

deayan

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Different Cement companies have maintain different % of Flyash in cement. what are the advantage and disadvantage of Higher / Lower % of flyash in cement.

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 6, 2020 at 5:24 pm
    This answer was edited.

    PPC: Approximately 15 to 30% of ordinary Portland cement is replaced with fly ash in Portland pozzolana cement. The compressive strength of Portland pozzolana cement is more for long term use compared to ordinary Portland cement. Ordinary Portland cement is one of the widely used cement. For residenRead more

    PPC:

    Approximately 15 to 30% of ordinary Portland cement is replaced with fly ash in Portland pozzolana cement.

    The compressive strength of Portland pozzolana cement is more for long term use compared to ordinary Portland cement.

    Ordinary Portland cement is one of the widely used cement.

    For residential construction, we prefer Portland pozzolana cement as compared to ordinary Portland cement. We use ordinary Portland cement only for commercial purposes.

    Three grades of cement are available 33, 43, and 53.

    33 grade of cement means the compressive strength of cement after 28 days of curing should be at least 33 mega Pascal not more than that value.

    43 grade of cement was the compressive strength of cement after 28 days of curing should be at least 43 Newton per mm square or more than that.

    Similarly, 53 Grade of cement means compressive strength of cement after 28 days of curing should be at least 53 Newton per mm square or more than that value.


    Thank you.

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Asked: October 8, 2020In: Interview Questions

What is Golden Ratio?

Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

Komal Bhandakkar

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What is Golden Ratio? How can we find out the Golden Ratio of any rectangular shaped body?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on October 15, 2020 at 9:44 pm

    The Golden Ratio is an irrational number with never-ending infinite numbers of digits, 1.618033988749895..., which are highly confusing and misleading. It is a linear number and represents only two dimensions of the object. Drawing It Here is one way to draw a rectangle with the Golden Ratio: Draw aRead more

    The Golden Ratio is an irrational number with never-ending infinite numbers of digits, 1.618033988749895…, which are highly confusing and misleading. It is a linear number and represents only two dimensions of the object.

    Drawing It

    Here is one way to draw a rectangle with the Golden Ratio:

    • Draw a square (of size “1”)
    • Place a dot half way along one side
    • Draw a line from that point to an opposite corner (it will be √5/2 in length)
    • Turn that line so that it runs along the square’s side

    Then you can extend the square to be a rectangle with the Golden Ratio.

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