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Asked: January 11, 2019In: Construction Site Related

What is height of instrument and Rise & fall method of levelling?

Muksit Pathan
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I want to what is height of instrument and Rise & fall method of levelling? What is the method to calculate reduced level.

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on September 7, 2020 at 5:39 pm

    Height of Instrument : It is the method which deals with the obtaining of RL of the line of collimation by adding BS reading of a known RL point. Thus, RL of the line of collimation is called the Height of Instrument. It is always measured from the benchmark. Hence the benchmark is the point on theRead more

    • Height of Instrument :

    It is the method which deals with the obtaining of RL of the line of collimation by adding BS reading of a known RL point. Thus, RL of the line of collimation is called the Height of Instrument. It is always measured from the benchmark. Hence the benchmark is the point on the sea derived from mean sea level.

    – method to calculate RL;

    height of collimation (H of C) = reduced level(R.L.) + backsight (B.S.)

    reduced level (R.L.) = height of collimation (H of C) – foresight (F.S.)

    reduced level (R.L.) = height of collimation (H of C) – intermediate sight (I.S.)

     

    • Rise & fall method :

    It is the method which gives the difference of elevation between consecutive points by comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it. Rise and fall are indicated by the difference in staff reading. After that RL is found by adding the rise to or subtracting the fall from the reduced level of the preceding point.

    – method to calculate RL;

    fall (F) = foresight (F.S.) – backsight (B.S.)

    fall (F) = intermediate sight (I.S.) – backsight (B.S.)

    rise (R) = backsight (B.S.) – foresight (F.S.)

    reduced level (R.L.) = precede reduced level  + rise (R)

    reduced level (R.L.) = precede reduce level – fall (F)

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Asked: April 11, 2020In: Concrete

How to Repair Damaged Beams and Walls in Load Bearing Construction?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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How to repair the damaged beams and walls in load-bearing construction as shown in the images below. As seen in the picture, the structure has been broken to make way for drain pipes.

  1. poojan

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    Added an answer on May 15, 2020 at 1:17 am

    There are certain methods to remove the delaminated concrete, and then formwork is to be fixe. After that, the application of repair material like a dry pack, and wet pack, shotcrete, is carried out if reinforcement is not removed while fixing the pipe. You can try one other method also, by fixing pRead more

    There are certain methods to remove the delaminated concrete, and then formwork is to be fixe. After that, the application of repair material like a dry pack, and wet pack, shotcrete, is carried out if reinforcement is not removed while fixing the pipe.

    You can try one other method also, by fixing plate bonding in the beam on the bottom to enhance the flexural strength, you will have to rest the plate on the bricks, and for that, you will have to remove the top layer of the brick. You also may need to provide scaffolding if you are altering the load-bearing wall. As it is a load-bearing structure, if any alteration is done in the load-bearing wall, it should be done with the consultation of a structural engineer.

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Asked: July 24, 2020In: Construction

In construction Project, What is the meaning of the term Float?

david karasila
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In construction Project, What is the meaning of the term Float?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on October 8, 2020 at 7:57 pm

    In construction project, float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to: 1.subsequent tasks ("free float"). 2.project completion date ("total float").

    In construction project, float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to:

    1.subsequent tasks (“free float”).
    2.project completion date (“total float”).

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Asked: July 10, 2020In: Construction

What are the properties of good building stones?

Shivan
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What are the properties of good building stones?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on January 14, 2021 at 2:11 pm
    This answer was edited.

    APPEARANCE The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color. It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials. STRENGTH A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure. It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm²Read more

    APPEARANCE

    • The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color.
    • It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials.

    STRENGTH

    • A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure.
    • It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm².

    HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

    • The stone to be used in stone pavements, as railway ballast or road metal must be sufficiently hard, tough, resistance to abrasion.
    • It must be able to resist wear and tear.

    DURABILITY

    • A good bldg stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of weathering against eg., rain, wing, temp, etc.
    • It should have fine grained, compact, and crystalline structure.

    TEXTURE

    A good bldg stone should have a closed grained and compact texture.

    WORKABILITY

    The stone to be used for ornamental craving and architectural appearance should be easily and economically dressed.

    SEASONING

    The stone to be used for an imp interior work should be well seasoned. Presence of moisture makes the stone soft and it is liable to an early decay when used in structural work.

    POROSITY

    • A good bldg stone should be less porous.
    • It should not absorb more than 5% of water.
    • Any stone absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.

    RESISTANCE TO FIRE

    • A good bldg stone should be able to resist high temp.
    • Its minerals constitutes should have equal coeff for expansion.

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY

    • The stone to be used on heavy engg works, docks, harbours, gravity dams, etc must have high specific gravity.
    • Its varies from 2.4 – 2.8.

    RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY

    • A good bldg stone should be non-absorbent like marble and slate etc.
    • It can offer good resistance to electricity.
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Asked: May 30, 2016In: Construction

How to prepare Construction Quotations and Estimate?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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I am really happy to join and I would like to ask what are items to be taken into consideration when preparing quotation for construction works and approximate cost of each item on the post of construction work supervisor. Simply I ...

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Added an answer on October 18, 2017 at 1:57 pm

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out. For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the deRead more

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out.

    For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the details about type of work such as brickwork in superstructure or substructure, or at particular height, the mix proportion of cement and sand, etc. are provided. All you have to do is to estimate the unit rate for the brickwork for the given specification of the work and provide the rate to the client.

    For estimating unit rate of brickwork, the cost of materials such as bricks, cement, sand and water, the labor required for unit work done, cost / rent of tools and equipment, contractor’s profit, contingencies etc. need to be calculated and summed up.

    Thus to estimate the cost of unit quantity of particular work, the cost of materials, tools, equipment, labor, transportation, profit, contingencies etc. shall be considered for the calculation.

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Asked: July 16, 2020In: Geotechnical Engineering

Explain the construction & use of New Mark’s influence chart?

DevilAVRT
DevilAVRT

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Explain the construction & use of New Mark’s influence chart?

  1. Suyogmuralkar

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    Added an answer on August 21, 2020 at 1:30 pm

    Hi devilart, This method is used to compute the vertical and horizontal stresses of any shape ,irregular geometry below any point outside or inside The chart as shown in the above figure essentially consists of n no. of radial lines and m no. of concentric circles.   To find out vertical stressRead more

    Hi devilart, This method is used to compute the vertical and horizontal stresses of any shape ,irregular geometry below any point outside or inside

    The chart as shown in the above figure essentially consists of n no. of radial lines and m no. of concentric circles.

     

    To find out vertical stress at any point below or outside the loaded area, Plan of the loaded area is drawn such that depth Z at which stress is being computed equals the length AB as shown on

    N = No. of blocks. Bina Nusantara.

    Further, the plan is placed over influence chart such that the point below which stress is required coincides with the center of chart Then count the number of influence area (N) covered by the plan

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Asked: December 18, 2018In: Construction

Which cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC?

Gangadhar
Gangadhar

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Which cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC? What is the difference and advantages of these cements for slab?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on August 10, 2020 at 8:45 pm

    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs. Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the buildingRead more

    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the building making cost, PPC should be adopted.

    Both the PPC and OPC cement is used in the construction of slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement is Better resistant to sulfate attacks. Thus PPC is used in underwater construction where water has some amount of sulfur quantity. Its setting time is higher than OPC.

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Asked: January 20, 2019In: Construction Site Related

Convert Cubic Meter of Laterite to Tonnes.

Engr. Mikky
Engr. Mikky

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How to convert cubic meter of laterite to tonnes?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on October 20, 2020 at 6:48 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Laterite is a rock and soil type substance which contain a high amount of iron and aluminium. It is commonly formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Mass Density of Laterite = 1019 kg/ m3 1 metric ton=1000kg Hence,  1m3 laterite = 1.019 metric ton Thank You.

    Laterite is a rock and soil type substance which contain a high amount of iron and aluminium. It is commonly formed in hot and wet tropical areas.


    • Mass Density of Laterite = 1019 kg/ m3

    • 1 metric ton=1000kg

    • Hence,  1m3 laterite = 1.019 metric ton

    Thank You.

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