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Nimesh Gajera
Nimesh Gajera

Nimesh Gajera

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How to derive the capacity of load-bearing piles?

  1. Preet Chovatiya

    Preet Chovatiya

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    Preet Chovatiya Learner

    The ultimate load bearing capacity for cohesive soil can be define by following formula: Where, Qu = Ultimate load capacity, kN Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2 Nc = Bearing capacity factor, may be taken as 9 ci = Average cohesion for the ith layer, in kN/m2 Asi = Surface area of pile shRead more

    The ultimate load bearing capacity for cohesive soil can be define by following formula:

    Where,

    Qu = Ultimate load capacity, kN

    Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2

    Nc = Bearing capacity factor, may be taken as 9

    ci = Average cohesion for the ith layer, in kN/m2

    Asi = Surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer, in m2

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luqmanidaham
luqmanidaham

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Hi, With regards to your article (link: https://test.theconstructor.org/geotechnical/soil-maximum-dry-density-optimum-moisture-content/18426/), what is the reference in standards. I done check with BS 1377:1990 Part 4 ; but there is no statement saying the range of optimum moisture content for different soil type. If your author ...

  1. Neenu S K

    Neenu S K

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    Neenu S K EDITOR

    The optimum moisture content of soil actually varies and a standard value for silt, clay, and sand is not strictly mentioned in most of the codes. The values mentioned in the article were based on the general laboratory test values based on Indian Standard Tests and Indian soil conditions. If my knoRead more

    The optimum moisture content of soil actually varies and a standard value for silt, clay, and sand is not strictly mentioned in most of the codes. The values mentioned in the article were based on the general laboratory test values based on Indian Standard Tests and Indian soil conditions.

    If my knowledge is right, we do mention the average moisture content value within a range.

    Thanks for your feedback and query

     

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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

Vivek Patel

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What is diffrence between retaining wall and breast wall?

  1. vivek gami

    vivek gami

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    vivek gami User

    Basic difference is retaining wall is designed to resist backfill earth pressure and breast wall is resist for natural earthen slope of hilly area In hill. When road is construct, at that time we need to cut-off some portion of hill and basically we construct two wall one is breast wall which is onRead more

    Basic difference is retaining wall is designed to resist backfill earth pressure and breast wall is resist for natural earthen slope of hilly area

    In hill. When road is construct, at that time we need to cut-off some portion of hill and basically we construct two wall one is breast wall which is on hill side of the road to give stability of hill slop and another one is retaining wall which is construct on valley side of road which wall have backfill pressure plus road pressure on backfill so we need to design retaining wall for that backfill & surcharge .

    See figure for different between retaining wall and breast wall.

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vivek gami
vivek gami

vivek gami

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What is Relative Compaction? How it is used on-site?

  1. Vivek Patel

    Vivek Patel

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    Vivek Patel User

    Relative compaction is a ration of the density of soil at site to the maximum dry density of soil. like we have maximum dry density of soil have 1800 kg/m3 which determine in lab now on site we can archive 1700 kg/m3 by compaction of dumped soil so relative density of that soil on site is =1700/1800Read more

    Relative compaction is a ration of the density of soil at site to the maximum dry density of soil.

    like we have maximum dry density of soil have 1800 kg/m3 which determine in lab

    now on site we can archive 1700 kg/m3 by compaction of dumped soil

    so relative density of that soil on site is =1700/1800=0.9444 = 94.44%

    it is use for

    1. to know how much density we archive compare to design in lab
    2. sometime in specification minimum criteria of relative density are given, ex- minimum relative density at whole site should be 90%.
    3. from relative density we can calculate actual movement of soil, which is very important in tall building and structural durability calculation
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Himanshu joshi
Himanshu joshi

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What is the effect of steel and aluminum, if we use it as reinforcement in structure?

  1. vivek gami

    vivek gami

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    vivek gami User

    Both have different properties & a separate cost which describes below. steel As compared aluminium,steel have less corrosion resistance Steel are chiper than aluminium Steel give lesser malleability and elastic properties than aluminium In weight steel have higher weight Steel is tough & haRead more

    Both have different properties & a separate cost which describes below.

    steel

    • As compared aluminium,steel have less corrosion resistance
    • Steel are chiper than aluminium
    • Steel give lesser malleability and elastic properties than aluminium
    • In weight steel have higher weight
    • Steel is tough & harder than alluminium
    • Generally we use steel as a reinforced member in concrete structures
    • Esay to weld with other structural components.

    Aluminum

    • Higher corrosion resistance
    • Higher cost
    • Higher
    • malleability and elastic properties
    • Lesser weight
    • Generally we not use in concrete
    • Difficult to weld
    • Aluminum is soft metal compare to steel.

     

    We are generally use steel as a reinforcement.

    We doesn’t use aluminium because of soft metal property

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Dilan Kasun
Dilan Kasun

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it is observed that formation of efflorescence is high in coastal areas. process of efflorescence formation in cementitious materials is understood. only reasons to having high risk of efflorescence formation are needed to be cleared. please advice

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Efflorescence is layer of salts left behind by an evaporating sol'n of salts on masonry surfaces. It is quite usual on plastered walls, ceilings, concrete, cement plastering, and painted walls. Why and how does it occur? It occurs when the dissolved salts in cement, sand, and water in constructionsRead more

    Efflorescence is layer of salts left behind by an evaporating sol’n of salts on masonry surfaces. It is quite usual on plastered walls, ceilings, concrete, cement plastering, and painted walls.

    Why and how does it occur? It occurs when the dissolved salts in cement, sand, and water in constructions are brought to the surface through leaching. In the second stage, the water evaporates to the atmosphere leaving powdery crystalline salts on the surface.

    These salts could be present in cement due to breakdown and aging.
    The sand used is of inferior quality containing salts. Though river sands are used in construction, excessive quarrying could lead to poorer quality. Instead of using sand from river or lake beds, adulteration with seashore sand could be the cause.
    Water used for curing is impure with dissolved salts in it. Saline water with dissolved salts could turn out to be the culprit.

    At the initial stages, the formation of a salt layer on the surface could go unnoticed. However repetitive cycles of evaporation and leaching steadily build-up the salt and the seriousness of the problem is visual. In some cases, growth in fungi could be noticed accompanied by efflorescence leading to unhygienic spaces.

    Let us turn our attention to the question of the acceleration of corrosion near the seashores. Galvanic corrosion is the type of corrosion noticed near seashores. Salt in the form of aerosols reaches places located 30 KM inshore.

    Salt, water, and the wind are the players that accelerate the corrosion process. Near the seashores, all these prime ingredients are readily available.

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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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What is murrum soil ? Is it rock ? What is its density approximately?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru

    Murrum soil is the soil of humid tropical or equatorial zones. It is characterised by the deep weathered layer fom which silica has been leached. Thus, there is no humus, but an accumulation of aluminium and iron oxides and hydroxides. These soils are reddish in color & is imparted by the iron cRead more

    Murrum soil is the soil of humid tropical or equatorial zones. It is characterised by the deep weathered layer fom which silica has been leached. Thus, there is no humus, but an accumulation of aluminium and iron oxides and hydroxides. These soils are reddish in color & is imparted by the iron compounds. For building huts and paths, they are good materials, as it can be compacted easily to form hard surfaces.

    Murrum soil comes under laterite soil. Laterite is a soil and a rock type rich in iron and aluminium. Murrum soil is also referred as being a rock type but it is not a rock.

    The approximate density of murrum soil is 1.8 gm/cc.

     

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Janat Almamari
Janat Almamari

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What are the application for Accelerating admixture in concrete??

  1. Vishwajeet Kumar

    Vishwajeet Kumar

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    Vishwajeet Kumar Learner

    First of all let us understand what an accelerator is. An accelerator is a chemical admixture which increases the rate of hydration of concrete; which results in rapid gain of strength in concrete. Some of the examples of accelerators are- Calcium chloride, Flourosilicates, silicates, tri-ethanol amRead more

    First of all let us understand what an accelerator is. An accelerator is a chemical admixture which increases the rate of hydration of concrete; which results in rapid gain of strength in concrete. Some of the examples of accelerators are- Calcium chloride, Flourosilicates, silicates, tri-ethanol amine etc. The mechanism it follows is that the admixture combines with C3A and form hydrocomplex compounds which activates C3A and increases the rate of hydration.

    Applications of accelerating admixture:

    1. Cold weather concreting– In cold climatic regions, for example in countries like Russia, Serbia etc, temperatures are very low and close to or even less than zero. Since hydration is a chemical reaction, the rate of the reaction significantly reduces with the fall of temperature; it will take a long time for the concrete to harden. This slow rate of hardening (i.e. gain of strength) results in higher stripping time of formwork and hence prolonged construction period making the project economically non feasible. Further there is a problem of frost attack. Accelerators prove to be a good remedy for this problem and helps in increasing the rate of hydration.
    2. Rigid Pavement construction– We remember the devastating effects of Uttarakhand floods in 2013 which washed away many homes including roads. For getting help in such disasters, it requires quick resumption of road transportation. Hence, roads have to be built at a faster pace and with quick gain of strength. Accelerating admixture again proves to be useful in this scenario.
    3. Prefabricated structures– Lets take example of prefabricated structure like railway sleepers. Suppose it is provided at every 1 m spacing and 500 km railway tracks has to be built. Total no of sleepers required=500 x 103 /1= 5 lakhs sleepers. Now a manufacturer is having 1000 moulds only. If he allows 28 days strength gaining process i.e. 1000 sleepers in approx. 1 month time. Therefore time required for 5 lakh sleepers=5 x 105 /1000=500 months= almost 42 years. Usually duration of project will be max 5 years.That’s why here also accelerating admixture proves useful and reduces the production time and enables to quickly reuse the same mould again and again.
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