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vivek gami
vivek gami

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What is the center of stiffness? where it is used?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    What is the center of Stiffness?

    I added more information, Centre of stiffness is also called as a centre of rigidity. According to IS 1893-2002, it is the point from which the restoring force resultant of the system acts. In this case, the lateral forces pass from the centre of stiffness. Stiffness (K)= (force on the system (P) /Read more

    I added more information,

    Centre of stiffness is also called as a centre of rigidity.

    According to IS 1893-2002, it is the point from which the restoring force resultant of the system acts. In this case, the lateral forces pass from the centre of stiffness.

    Stiffness (K)=

    (force on the system (P) / displacement of the system)

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Tengo Alaverdashvili
Tengo Alaverdashvili

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Hi. I am an architect and I’d like to hear your advise. Can this type of brick bond be used for a load bearing wall? I think that this zigzag form makes the wall stronger, but will it be enough? I ...

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.

    In masonary work, we used usually 1:4 cement-sand mortar of compressive strength 3.8N/mm2. The compressive strength of one brick of standard size is 11.12N/mm2. The compressive strength of brick masonry is 2.5 N/mm2.  Thanks.  

    In masonary work, we used usually 1:4 cement-sand mortar of compressive strength 3.8N/mm2.

    The compressive strength of one brick of standard size is 11.12N/mm2.

    The compressive strength of brick masonry is 2.5 N/mm2.

     Thanks.  

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Write short notes on architectural features which govern the design of building against earthquake  force

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildiRead more

    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildings don’t collapse in the event of an earthquake. Towards this end, the technical aspect of endurance is – ductility. We shall see that a little later.

    Before proceeding on any elaboration, let the concerned reduce the contradictions/conflicts that nearly regularly surface between the Architects and the Structural Engineers.

    As far as Architectural features are concerned, these are a few of them that must be incorporated. For example, keep the plan symmetrical along its vertical axis and avoid large void spaces within the buildings.

    If architects can take the structural engineers along with them right from the beginning of the architectural planning process, much of the confrontations and changes at later stages can be obviated. Else, the cost for the same size building can be much higher if the architect insists upon very peculiar shapes. Unfortunately, this seamless coordination between these two prime people doesn’t happen in most cases.

    The challenge is much bigger for the structural designers if the owner and the architects insist upon peculiar designs. The Burj Al Arab Hotel of Dubai is one example. Imagine, everything right from the beginning has been and shall ever remain against the stability of this particular building. Yet it stands. More than the architect, it is the structural designer who needs to be applauded for this magic…

    Structural designers must design buildings such that while the columns and the beams are strong, the roof slabs be as light as is feasible given the architectural shape/design of any building.

    Confining reinforcement at the beam-column junctions ensures the required ductility of the buildings in the event of an earthquake. This MUST be ensured at all costs.

    There are numerous other features of the design. But equally significant part is the execution of the design on the ground. Unfortunately, we in India are not able to control this part very well.

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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Where is the T beam used in concrete structure?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Here, the designers gets a natural advantage of using T or L beams in any structure with slab beam construction. It is mainly used in frame type structure. A T-beam or Tee-beam is used in a construction process which is a load bearing structure of a reinforced concrete, wood or metal having T-shapedRead more

    Here, the designers gets a natural advantage of using T or L beams in any structure with slab beam construction. It is mainly used in frame type structure. A T-beam or Tee-beam is used in a construction process which is a load bearing structure of a reinforced concrete, wood or metal having T-shaped cross-section. The vertical section (web) of the beam below the compression flange serves to resist shear stress and to provide greater separation for the coupled forces of bending.
    Therefore, in any situation of beam-slab we can use T-beam.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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I want to brace my steel structure. what is the standard?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    For better discussion, assume a Wide Flange column section. To carry the moment more efficiently, you need to apply a moment about the Major axis. Now consider a portal frame, say all the joints are pin joint. Now use a lateral load. It will collapse. Because as all the joints are pinned, they willRead more

    For better discussion, assume a Wide Flange column section. To carry the moment more efficiently, you need to apply a moment about the Major axis. Now consider a portal frame, say all the joints are pin joint. Now use a lateral load. It will collapse. Because as all the joints are pinned, they will rotate infinitely, causing the structure to collapse. To Resist this collapse against lateral load, you need to provide – Either fixed support instead of pinned support or make the beam-column junction by moment connection. Or you can provide both. Now, your structure is stable under lateral load. How fixed support looks like when I section or complete flange section is used as a column section?

    This is a fixed column base. Here you can see that the bolts are outside of the flange, just like your moment connection. So when the moment is applied about the major axis, it’s converted into push and pull, and these bolts carry this push-pull. Now, what will happen if a moment is applied about the minor axis? When the moment is being applied about the minor axis, there is no flange about this minor axis. So, The carrying capacity is very small. So, the moment can not be converted into push and pull efficiently. And these bolts will have almost nothing to carry for this moment. So, always this moment connected base will behave as a pinned joint about the minor axis. You have already learned that if a lateral load is applied on a frame with pinned support and pinned joint, it will collapse. But In a framed structure, there always remain lateral load, which may come from wind load or friction load or any other type of load. It is also clear that even a moment connected base can not prevent that force is applied across the minor axis of the Wide Flange column. So the solution is, add any diagonal member. Now, after applying a lateral load, will it collapse? No. Why?.. 5thstd math For given three lengths, only a single Triangle can be formed. And that’s why this structure doesn’t collapse under lateral load. If it collapses, this triangle has to be deformed, which is not possible. So, I think now it is clear to you why bracing is used. But how the lateral force is carried? The force travel from this point to this support through his bracing directly.

    Why? Because… Force is also clever like us. If I ask you to travel from this point to this point, you will not follow this path. Instead, You will take this shortcut route to reach from this point to this point. Just like that, the force also follows the shortest path. If you want more scientific reason, well, it is because of the “theory of least work.” Now come to this Steel frame. Here along this Transverse direction, The Moment Connection has been used, and it is stable under the lateral load. But Along this longitudinal direction, there is no moment connection. All this joint is pinned connected. Even the support condition is also pin connected. Why this is pin connected, you have already learned that. Let say Lateral Load is applied here at this point. And you have a point to provide bracing. So, all this lateral travel through this member up to this point. Then this goes to this point to the support through this bracing, and as this load travel through this member, each of this member are loaded axially. And it would help if you designed all this member for axial load only. So, it is clear to you why and when bracing needs to be used.

    What is the reason? i. When all the joints are pinned joint and ii. The lateral load needs to be carried. In those cases, we need to use bracing.

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vivek gami
vivek gami

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Who have higher modulus of elasticity rubber or steel?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Here if the matter comes about higher modulus of elasticity between rubber or steel then we can say steel is more elastic than rubber. We know that young's modulus is the ratio of stress to the strain. Therefore, for a given stress, the strain produced in steel is much smaller than that produced inRead more

    Here if the matter comes about higher modulus of elasticity between rubber or steel then we can say steel is more elastic than rubber. We know that young’s modulus is the ratio of stress to the strain. Therefore, for a given stress, the strain produced in steel is much smaller than that produced in rubber. This implies that Young’s modulus for steel is greater than that for rubber.

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