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poojan
poojan

poojan

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Which type of cement is used in the construction of a pile foundation? Kindly mention the references from codes or guides for the answer.

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    Any type of cement can be used as long as the design and durability requirements of the concrete used to construct the pile are met. For instance, if the sulfate attack is expected, it is desirable to select sulfate resistance cement because it produces concrete that withstand sulfate attack. As a rRead more

    Any type of cement can be used as long as the design and durability requirements of the concrete used to construct the pile are met. For instance, if the sulfate attack is expected, it is desirable to select sulfate resistance cement because it produces concrete that withstand sulfate attack. As a result, the produced concrete would durable.

    You can visit the following link to read more about Applications of Different Types of Cement for Concrete Construction:

    https://test.theconstructor.org/building/applications-cement-types-concrete/7686/

    The ACI code 318-18 provides the design and durability requirements of concrete.

    Design Requirements of Concrete Based on ACI 318-19

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requirements-concrete/39004/

    Concrete Durability Requirements Based on ACI-318-19

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-durability-requirements/39036/

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Vicky Patel
Vicky Patel

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How the loads transmit in elements of the Intze water tank?

  1. Preet Chovatiya

    Preet Chovatiya

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    Preet Chovatiya Learner

    For design roof slab the following load considers during the design of the Intze tank. 1. Self-weight of slab For design bottom slab the following load acting on the bottom slab is. 1. Weight of wall of the tank 2. Weight of roof slab 3. Self-weight of the bottom slab 4. Weight of water For design bRead more

    For design roof slab the following load considers during the design of the Intze tank.

    1. Self-weight of slab

    For design bottom slab the following load acting on the bottom slab is.

    1. Weight of wall of the tank

    2. Weight of roof slab

    3. Self-weight of the bottom slab

    4. Weight of water

    For design beam the following loads calculate.

    1. Self-weight of beam

    2. Weight of slabs

    3. Floor finish or live load

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Jude Oseafiana
Jude Oseafiana

Jude Oseafiana

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How to construct a concrete column over existing slab of 150mm?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    But why you want a column raised on a slab. The moment you do, a point load will come on slab at that point so it is not possible/advisable. Describe problem for alternative solution. You can't build a column on slab unless slab is designed for the load you needed for. It is regarded as pt load on sRead more

    But why you want a column raised on a slab. The moment you do, a point load will come on slab at that point so it is not possible/advisable. Describe problem for alternative solution.
    You can’t build a column on slab unless slab is designed for the load you needed for. It is regarded as pt load on slab which is usually not designed for it, it all relies on what purpose you want to raise the column on slab.

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Abbas Khan Civil Engineer
Abbas Khan Civil Engineer

Abbas Khan Civil Engineer

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What are the different structural shapes used in steel structures? Kindly named it and explain the importance and function of these structural shapes?

  1. [Deleted User]
    This answer was edited.
    What are different structural shapes used in steel structures amd its Importance and Function?

    ANGLE SECTION - use for both compression and tension member. it is also used for a build-up beam. equal angle unequal angle bulb angle - mostly use for ship and storage tank construction CHANNEL SECTION - mostly used for the build-up column. also, use for tension members. I-SECTION - this kind of seRead more

    • ANGLE SECTION – use for both compression and tension member. it is also used for a build-up beam.
    1. equal angle
    2. unequal angle
    3. bulb angle – mostly use for ship and storage tank construction
    • CHANNEL SECTION – mostly used for the build-up column. also, use for tension members.
    • I-SECTION – this kind of section widely use for beam construction due to its better stiffness.
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Aswany Sreejith
Aswany Sreejith

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What is the procedure of designing the formwork?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics and other materials. There are three types of formwork :- -BeaRead more

    Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics and other materials.

    There are three types of formwork :-

    -Beam formwork :-
    Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and propped in the correct position and to the desired level. The removal time for the formwork will vary with air temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate. Typical striking times are as follows (using air temperature of 7-16 ºC):

    i) Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
    ii) Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
    iii) Beam props: 15-21 days.

    -Column formwork :-
    This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape and size of the column to be poured. As a means of keeping the formwork material thickness to a minimum, horizontal steel or timber clamps (or yokes) are used at equal centres for batch filling and at varying centres for filling that is completed in one pour.

    The head of the column formwork can be used to provide support for the beam formwork, but while this gives good top lateral restraint it can make the formwork complex. Alternatively, the column can be cast to the underside of the beams. Later on, a collar of formwork can be clamped around the cast column to complete the casting and support the incoming beam formwork.

    -Plastic formwork :-
    Re-usable plastic formwork is generally used for quick pours of concrete. The formwork is assembled either from interlocking panels or from a modular system and is used for relatively simple concrete structures. It is not as versatile as timber formwork due to the prefabrication requirements and is best suited for lost-cost, repetitive structures such as mass housing schemes.

    Stay-in-place structural formwork is generally assembled on site using prefabricated fibre-reinforced plastic. It is used for concrete columns and piers and stays in place, acting as permanent axial and shear reinforcement for the structural member. It also provides resistance to environmental damage for both the concrete and reinforcing bars.

    Proprietary systems are used to support vertical formwork while concrete cures, consisting of a series of tubes and ties.

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onejohi
onejohi

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How to calculate length of overlap for reinforcement steel?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    Lapping of reinforcement is usually done where minimum bending stress is required. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter is provided if both bars are of same diameter. Lap length in tension: The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be For flexural tensionRead more

    Lapping of reinforcement is usually done where minimum bending stress is required. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter is provided if both bars are of same diameter.

    Lap length in tension:
    The lap length including anchorage value of hooks shall be

    For flexural tension – Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered.
    For direct tension – 2Ld or 30d whichever is greater is considered.
    The straight length of lapping of bars shall not be less than 15d or 20cm.

    Lap Length in Compression:
    The lap length is equal to the development length calculated in compression but not less than 24d.

    For Different Diameter Bars:
    When the bars of different diameters are to be spliced, the lap length is calculated considering the smaller diameter bar.

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vivek gami
vivek gami

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Why Earth pressure at rest is used for basement slab wall, bridge abutment?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    If the wall is rigid and cannot be move when the pressure exerted on the wall, then the soil behind the wall is in the state of static equilibrium. This case is called rest earth pressure. For bridges, slab walls and Abutments is soil mass or backfill with static equilibrium is required because it cRead more

    If the wall is rigid and cannot be move when the pressure exerted on the wall, then the soil behind the wall is in the state of static equilibrium. This case is called rest earth pressure.

    For bridges, slab walls and Abutments is soil mass or backfill with static equilibrium is required because it can bear the heavy load. Thus for safety point of view in construction pressure at rest is considered. In this case, all the pressures are being exerted uniformly on the retaining wall.

    There are two types of conditions developed

    For normally consolidated clay,

    K= 1- sin(¢)

    For overconsolidated clay

    K(overconsolidated )= K(normally consolidated clay) x √OCR 

    OCR= OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO

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