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vivek gami
vivek gami

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Which pressure us higher in retaining wall, water or soil?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    In technical terms, Above the Water table, Pressure exerted by water on retaining wall = 0.5 K.H^2 K = coefficient of earth pressure H= vertical height of wall. Total stress = effective stress + pore water pressure. Earth pressure due to soil: Total stress = effective stress.  

    In technical terms,

    Above the Water table,

    Pressure exerted by water on retaining wall = 0.5 K.H^2

    K = coefficient of earth pressure

    H= vertical height of wall.

    Total stress = effective stress + pore water pressure.

    Earth pressure due to soil:

    Total stress = effective stress.

     

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fhsappleton
fhsappleton

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Sectional details through walls, joint connections, corners, windows, and door openings.

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    The design and detailing details of wall construction depend on many factors such as its purpose, type and amount of load on it, its support conditions, types of soils, etc. Unless these details are known, the sectional details can not be accurate or as required.

    The design and detailing details of wall construction depend on many factors such as its purpose, type and amount of load on it, its support conditions, types of soils, etc. Unless these details are known, the sectional details can not be accurate or as required.

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vivek gami
vivek gami

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What is Kicker Reinforcement in RCC Column?

  1. DevilAVRT

    DevilAVRT

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    DevilAVRT Beginner

    a Kicker is a 5-15cm advance that is given at the Column/Shear divider Base during the throwing of the section/establishment. It is given to guarantee that the directions of the section/divider are kept up consistently between the chunks and basically all through the structure. Casting of slab/ founRead more

    a Kicker is a 5-15cm advance that is given at the Column/Shear divider Base during the throwing of the section/establishment. It is given to guarantee that the directions of the section/divider are kept up consistently between the chunks and basically all through the structure.
    Casting of slab/ foundation, the covering for the segment can be fixed legitimately on the kicker to ensure column location and base alignment is precise.
    Its job is to keep away uneven steel cover and Column/wall alignment issues, which are practically difficult to correct once the concrete is cast and can be effortlessly distinguished/redressed by giving a kicker.
    An inappropriate practice related to the arrangement of the kicker is that a few contractual workers give a kicker after casting a slab, which includes an extra undesirable Construction columns near the base where the shear is maximum and hence is not advised.

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civil sons
civil sons

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What are the Static and dynamic effects of bridge cranes?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    What are the Static and Dynamic Effects of Bridge Cranes?

    Dear students, To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes. Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap. Use of bridge crane:  lift and move heavy loads from one placeRead more

    Dear students,

    To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes.

    Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap.

    Use of bridge crane: 

    • lift and move heavy loads from one place to another which increases space safety and efficiency.
    • It also used in the refinement of Steel, Copper and Aluminium.

    Static effects:

    • considered while designing.

    Dynamic effects:

    • Generally neglected because of their operation at low speed.
    • Dynamic behaviour of a megastructure as a movable flexible structure is different than of a smaller crane.
    • Vibration is a serious problem.
    • Extra fatigue damage can occur.
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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Write short notes on architectural features which govern the design of building against earthquake  force

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildiRead more

    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildings don’t collapse in the event of an earthquake. Towards this end, the technical aspect of endurance is – ductility. We shall see that a little later.

    Before proceeding on any elaboration, let the concerned reduce the contradictions/conflicts that nearly regularly surface between the Architects and the Structural Engineers.

    As far as Architectural features are concerned, these are a few of them that must be incorporated. For example, keep the plan symmetrical along its vertical axis and avoid large void spaces within the buildings.

    If architects can take the structural engineers along with them right from the beginning of the architectural planning process, much of the confrontations and changes at later stages can be obviated. Else, the cost for the same size building can be much higher if the architect insists upon very peculiar shapes. Unfortunately, this seamless coordination between these two prime people doesn’t happen in most cases.

    The challenge is much bigger for the structural designers if the owner and the architects insist upon peculiar designs. The Burj Al Arab Hotel of Dubai is one example. Imagine, everything right from the beginning has been and shall ever remain against the stability of this particular building. Yet it stands. More than the architect, it is the structural designer who needs to be applauded for this magic…

    Structural designers must design buildings such that while the columns and the beams are strong, the roof slabs be as light as is feasible given the architectural shape/design of any building.

    Confining reinforcement at the beam-column junctions ensures the required ductility of the buildings in the event of an earthquake. This MUST be ensured at all costs.

    There are numerous other features of the design. But equally significant part is the execution of the design on the ground. Unfortunately, we in India are not able to control this part very well.

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poojan
poojan

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When do we decide that pile can now be terminated, of course there is depth given in the structural details but along with that there are some criteria to measure on-site if it is not fulfilled than you have to ...

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site: 1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site: PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)    Read more

    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site:

    1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling

    Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site:

    PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)                           Equation 1

    PPR: Pile penetration ratio, kN m/m^2/ cm

    N: RPM

    T: Torque corresponding to RPM, kN.m

    t: Time duration in minutes, normally 10 min

    A: Pile cross-section area, m^2

    D: Pile penetration, cm

    2. Chiseling Energy Concept

    Use the following expression to estimate the response of founding rock strata in terms of Energy Level:

    E=(W⋅h⋅n⋅N)/(A⋅d)                         Equation 2

    Where:

    E: Chisel energy level, kN.m/m^2/cm

    W: Weight of chisel, kN

    h: Fall of the chisel in meters given in every blow (m)

    n: Reduction factor, 0.8–1.0 based on likely drag on chisel due to slurry, submerged weight of chisel in high groundwater, winch rope friction, and type of muck (clayey or sandy), based on rock type.

    N: No. of blows in the stipulated duration, usually half an hour

    A: Nominal pile cross-sectional area, m^2

    D: Penetration into the rock strata in that stipulated duration, cm

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Maulik vavaliya
Maulik vavaliya

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What are the different types of steel stacks?

  1. Preet Chovatiya

    Preet Chovatiya

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    Preet Chovatiya Learner

    There are four types of steel stack that generally used in steel stack are as below: Freestanding (Self-supported) steel stack (fig.1) The base support and guyed steel stack (fig.2) The base support and braced steel stack Multi flue stack (fig.3) [caption id="attachment_45199" align="alignnone" widtRead more

    There are four types of steel stack that generally used in steel stack are as below:

    1. Freestanding (Self-supported) steel stack (fig.1)
    2. The base support and guyed steel stack (fig.2)
    3. The base support and braced steel stack
    4. Multi flue stack (fig.3)

    fig.1

    fig.2

    fig.3

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Asked: In:
poojan
poojan

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What is the minimum grade of concrete to be used for any precast element? Are there any standards for the same?  

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    It depends on the structural member. For example, The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) specifies minimum concrete strength for precast pile as 28MPa. The code also provides minimum strength for other structural members. You can also visit: https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requRead more

    It depends on the structural member. For example, The American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-19) specifies minimum concrete strength for precast pile as 28MPa. The code also provides minimum strength for other structural members. You can also visit:

    https://test.theconstructor.org/concrete/design-requirements-concrete/39004/

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