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civil sons
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What are the Primary and secondary load-bearing structures of high-rise concrete buildings? Bracing against the lateral load of wind and earthquake

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Walls, beams, columns, foundations etc can be called as primary or main load bearing components of a concrete building. Examples of secondary load bearing structures would be the lintels in masonry walls, the shelf angles that support finishes when they span over a window or other opening and there Read more

    Walls, beams, columns, foundations etc can be called as primary or main load bearing components of a concrete building.

    Examples of secondary load bearing structures would be the lintels in masonry walls, the shelf angles that support finishes when they span over a window or other opening and there are other odd and ends that provide support or stabilization such as cross bracing in steel bar joist or structural elements used during the construction of the building.

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Tips_and_tricks
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How will Poison’s Ratio of a material Affect its Strength?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in the width per unit width of a material, to the change in its length per unit length as a result of strain. Poisson ratio measures the deformation in the material in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the applied force. MathematicallRead more

    Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in the width per unit width of a material, to the change in its length per unit length as a result of strain. Poisson ratio measures the deformation in the material in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the applied force.
    Mathematically, poissons ratio is equal to the negative of the ratio of lateral strain and longitudinal strain. Therefore, if the poisson’s ratio is greater than the strength is greater.

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vivek gami
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What is the center of stiffness? where it is used?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    What is the center of Stiffness?

    I added more information, Centre of stiffness is also called as a centre of rigidity. According to IS 1893-2002, it is the point from which the restoring force resultant of the system acts. In this case, the lateral forces pass from the centre of stiffness. Stiffness (K)= (force on the system (P) /Read more

    I added more information,

    Centre of stiffness is also called as a centre of rigidity.

    According to IS 1893-2002, it is the point from which the restoring force resultant of the system acts. In this case, the lateral forces pass from the centre of stiffness.

    Stiffness (K)=

    (force on the system (P) / displacement of the system)

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Ankita Pal
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During GATE, IES exam it is difficult to follow any traditional method to follow from start to end solution. What are the conceptual shortcuts to find slope and deflection of the beam which can be used to find a solution ...

  1. Kuldeep Singh

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    Well, if you're analyzing a beam, then the quickest and easiest way is hands down, the moment - area method. Students often overlook it and delve into complex methods while the problem may be solved a lot easily. Other than this, there are often other quick methods depending on the question. For exaRead more

    Well, if you’re analyzing a beam, then the quickest and easiest way is hands down, the moment – area method. Students often overlook it and delve into complex methods while the problem may be solved a lot easily.

    Other than this, there are often other quick methods depending on the question. For example sometimes the conjugate beam method is not such a bad choice. If you can write the moment curvature equation and are quick at differentiation, you can use that.

    I for one, never get into slope deflection method unless it is strictly needed. I stick to moment area, conjugate beam and the 4th order differential equation.

    Also, a friendly tip : just have a look at the options especially in the IES paper. They never push you into long calculations. You could sense that some options just have to be wrong and are nowhere close to be correct. In GATE, this approach doesn’t fare well though.

    Hope it helps.

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What are the Static and dynamic effects of bridge cranes?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    What are the Static and Dynamic Effects of Bridge Cranes?

    Dear students, To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes. Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap. Use of bridge crane:  lift and move heavy loads from one placeRead more

    Dear students,

    To understand this question deeply first we have to understand what exactly is the bridge cranes.

    Bridge crane is nothing but the overhead crane with consists of parallel runways with a travelling bridge spanning the gap.

    Use of bridge crane: 

    • lift and move heavy loads from one place to another which increases space safety and efficiency.
    • It also used in the refinement of Steel, Copper and Aluminium.

    Static effects:

    • considered while designing.

    Dynamic effects:

    • Generally neglected because of their operation at low speed.
    • Dynamic behaviour of a megastructure as a movable flexible structure is different than of a smaller crane.
    • Vibration is a serious problem.
    • Extra fatigue damage can occur.
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Vivek Patel
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Why we provide distribution Steel in slab?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Distribution bars placed on the top of the main bar. Main reinforcement bars are used to transfer the bending moment developed at the bottom of the slab. Distribution bars are used to hold the slabs on either way and to resist the cracks and shear stress developed at the top.

    Distribution bars placed on the top of the main bar. Main reinforcement bars are used to transfer the bending moment developed at the bottom of the slab. Distribution bars are used to hold the slabs on either way and to resist the cracks and shear stress developed at the top.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Write short notes on architectural features which govern the design of building against earthquake  force

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildiRead more

    Such that the forces generated by the most destructive force that The Mother unleashes upon us human, tenets of Earthquake Resistant design need to be incorporated into all buildings we live and work within. For ensuring the safety of people there, it must be ensured by the designers that the buildings don’t collapse in the event of an earthquake. Towards this end, the technical aspect of endurance is – ductility. We shall see that a little later.

    Before proceeding on any elaboration, let the concerned reduce the contradictions/conflicts that nearly regularly surface between the Architects and the Structural Engineers.

    As far as Architectural features are concerned, these are a few of them that must be incorporated. For example, keep the plan symmetrical along its vertical axis and avoid large void spaces within the buildings.

    If architects can take the structural engineers along with them right from the beginning of the architectural planning process, much of the confrontations and changes at later stages can be obviated. Else, the cost for the same size building can be much higher if the architect insists upon very peculiar shapes. Unfortunately, this seamless coordination between these two prime people doesn’t happen in most cases.

    The challenge is much bigger for the structural designers if the owner and the architects insist upon peculiar designs. The Burj Al Arab Hotel of Dubai is one example. Imagine, everything right from the beginning has been and shall ever remain against the stability of this particular building. Yet it stands. More than the architect, it is the structural designer who needs to be applauded for this magic…

    Structural designers must design buildings such that while the columns and the beams are strong, the roof slabs be as light as is feasible given the architectural shape/design of any building.

    Confining reinforcement at the beam-column junctions ensures the required ductility of the buildings in the event of an earthquake. This MUST be ensured at all costs.

    There are numerous other features of the design. But equally significant part is the execution of the design on the ground. Unfortunately, we in India are not able to control this part very well.

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