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vivek gami
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What is the substitute frame method in structural design?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Hi, Substitute frame method is used for the analysis of complex structure I.e multi-storeyed building because analysis of multi-story building is very complicated and long calculations needed. Substitute frame method used for sudden analysis and gives approximate values. The moment distribution methRead more

    Hi,

    Substitute frame method is used for the analysis of complex structure I.e multi-storeyed building because analysis of multi-story building is very complicated and long calculations needed. Substitute frame method used for sudden analysis and gives approximate values.

    The moment distribution method is used for the analysis of applied loads on the structure in the substitute frame method. This method is generally used to determine the vertical loads and horizontal loads. Vertical load is a combination of live load and dead loads

    This method is applied only or vertical loads.

    Dead loads include self-weight of slab column and beams which is analysed in substitute frame method.

    In this method, the beams which are at floor level as well as the columns above the floor and below which are situated at the fixed far end will be e analysed. In some cases the bending moment is not distributed over the far end, thus the moment is computed independently at each floor and retained on that floor for further analysis.

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Aj
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What is the best method of solving inclined truss? And how do can I get the magnitude of the forces in the members?

  1. RaghavArora

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    Hey, To solve the inclined trusses, Methods of joints is the appropriate method. With the help of this, one can easily identify the force in respective member of truss. But before solving the truss, some points should be kept in mind and these are listed below :- 1. If two members are meeting at joiRead more

    Hey, To solve the inclined trusses, Methods of joints is the appropriate method. With the help of this, one can easily identify the force in respective member of truss.

    But before solving the truss, some points should be kept in mind and these are listed below :-

    1. If two members are meeting at joint, with no external force acting on them, then forces in both the members will be zero.

    2. If the magnitude of force will come positive then force will be considered as Tensile And if magnitude of force will come negative then force will be considered Compressive.

    3. If two members are collinear then force in the third member ,connected but not in straight line with two members, will be zero: F3 = zero

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Vivek Patel
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Which type of force acting on water tank wall ?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Hydrostatic force acts on the walls of the water tank.

    Hydrostatic force acts on the walls of the water tank.

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poojan
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When do we decide that pile can now be terminated, of course there is depth given in the structural details but along with that there are some criteria to measure on-site if it is not fulfilled than you have to ...

  1. Madeh Izat Hamakareem

    Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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    Madeh Izat Hamakareem EDITOR

    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site: 1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site: PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)    Read more

    Pile penetration ratio and chisel energy level are two methods that are used to decide on the termination of pile depth in the construction site:

    1. Pile Penetration Ratio (PPR) for Rotary Piling

    Equation for the determination of pile termination point in construction site:

    PPR=(2⋅π⋅N⋅T⋅t)/(A⋅d)                           Equation 1

    PPR: Pile penetration ratio, kN m/m^2/ cm

    N: RPM

    T: Torque corresponding to RPM, kN.m

    t: Time duration in minutes, normally 10 min

    A: Pile cross-section area, m^2

    D: Pile penetration, cm

    2. Chiseling Energy Concept

    Use the following expression to estimate the response of founding rock strata in terms of Energy Level:

    E=(W⋅h⋅n⋅N)/(A⋅d)                         Equation 2

    Where:

    E: Chisel energy level, kN.m/m^2/cm

    W: Weight of chisel, kN

    h: Fall of the chisel in meters given in every blow (m)

    n: Reduction factor, 0.8–1.0 based on likely drag on chisel due to slurry, submerged weight of chisel in high groundwater, winch rope friction, and type of muck (clayey or sandy), based on rock type.

    N: No. of blows in the stipulated duration, usually half an hour

    A: Nominal pile cross-sectional area, m^2

    D: Penetration into the rock strata in that stipulated duration, cm

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sbandi67
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How to calculate stiffness of storey to avoid soft storey of multi-storeyed building?

  1. Kuldeep Singh

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    Avoid soft storey? A soft storey is a storey with lateral stiffness less than the storey just above. So technically, you cannot avoid soft storey just by calculation. Right? Well, according to the new code for seismic design, IS 1893 Part I (2016), infill masonry walls in soft storeys of RC buildingRead more

    Avoid soft storey? A soft storey is a storey with lateral stiffness less than the storey just above. So technically, you cannot avoid soft storey just by calculation. Right?

    Well, according to the new code for seismic design, IS 1893 Part I (2016), infill masonry walls in soft storeys of RC buildings can be modeled as diagonal struts to contribute to lateral stiffness.Though this doesn’t guarantee that the resulting storey stiffness with the contribution of infill walls, will be greater than that of the storey above.

    Method :

    • In buildings with RCC moment resisting frames with a soft storey (stiffness irregularity), when the structural plan density (SPD) of masonry infills exceeds 20%, the effect of unreinforced masonry infills (URM infills) has to be considered explicitly using structural analysis especially for buildings in earthquake zones III, IV and V.
    • The compressive strength, fª of URM infill prism is calculated as per IS 1905 or according to the formula in IS 1893 (2016) clause 7.9.2.1.
    • The URM infill walls are modelled as diagonal struts with ends pin jointed to the RC frames. The width of the struts are calculated as per clause 7.9.2.1 of IS 1893 (2016). Thickness, t is taken as equal to the thickness of the URM walls themselves provided h/t < 12 and l/t < 12 where h and t are the clear height and clear length of the diagonal struts.
    • The stiffnesses of the diagonal struts are added to the earlier floor stiffness and the new storey stiffness is calculated. If soft storey condition ceases, we can proceed with further analyses.

    [Note : Even after reading the answer please do refer to table 6, fig. 4 and section 7.9 of IS 1893 Part I (2016) for two formulae mentioned above and a clearer understanding of the method in detail.]

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AdityaBhandakkar
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What is the maximum width of stair case for public buildings?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    For reduced use staircases such as accesses to lofts, attics and terraces, the minimum width shall be 600mm. The minimum tread shall be 250mm excluding nosing and the maximum riser will be 175mm for all buildings except for internal staircases of apartments, which can be permitted upto 190mm.

    For reduced use staircases such as accesses to lofts, attics and terraces, the minimum width shall be 600mm. The minimum tread shall be 250mm excluding nosing and the maximum riser will be 175mm for all buildings except for internal staircases of apartments, which can be permitted upto 190mm.

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vivek gami
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What is double R.C. beam?

  1. DevilAVRT

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    DevilAVRT Beginner

    The beam, which is reinforced from both zones i.e., compression and tension, that beam is said as Doubly Reinforced beam. It is usually given when the depth of the beam is constricted. It is obviously not safe to provide a singly r/f beam with min depth resulting in failure due to insufficient resisRead more

    The beam, which is reinforced from both zones i.e., compression and tension, that beam is said as Doubly Reinforced beam. It is usually given when the depth of the beam is constricted. It is obviously not safe to provide a singly r/f beam with min depth resulting in failure due to insufficient resistance to oppose the bending moment.

    Moment of resistance could not be increased by increasing the steel in the tension zone. Rather it can be increased by increasing the reinforcement, but it should not exceed 25% of the strained side. That’s why a doubly reinforced beam is provided to increase the moment of resistance of a beam having limited dimensions.

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