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what different kind of problem should be considered during the design of storage tank

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    First, you must determine WHAT you are going to store and HOW it will react to the material the tank is made from. i.e. a water storage tank just may be made from something different than concentrated sulfuric acid. Next, you need to take into consideration the quantity to be stored which will yieldRead more

    First, you must determine WHAT you are going to store and HOW it will react to the material the tank is made from. i.e. a water storage tank just may be made from something different than concentrated sulfuric acid.

    Next, you need to take into consideration the quantity to be stored which will yield the weight and the pressure forces put on the floor and the sides of the tank. This will tell you how strong the tank needs to be in thickness and reinforcement structures.

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nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

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Differentiate between plain and reinforced concrete. Among these to which one gives more strength?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Basic differences PCC RCC Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. It carries Steel. PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. RCC is strong in both. PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. RCC gives you enoughRead more

    Basic differences

    PCC RCC
    Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete
    It doesn’t carry ‘Steel’. It carries Steel.
    PCC is weak in tension loading while strong in compression loading. RCC is strong in both.
    PCC blasts on excessive loading & in an instant w/t giving any warning. RCC gives you enough time to vacate the structure before collapse.

    What is PCC DPC and RCC in civil engineering | RCC and PCC

      Plain Cement Concrete R/f Cement Concrete
    Tension Steel tendons

    High tensile steel bars

    Included with tension

    		 Ordinary Mild Steel Deformed Bars

    No tension included
    Basic materials used Min grade of concrete

    Post-Tensioning → M30

    Pre-Tensioning  → M40

    to resist high stresses

     

    High strength steel to transfer large prestressing force

    		 Min grade of concrete → M20

    Steel                           → MS
    Effectiveness of member Entire section carries load Does not carries load
    Crack resistance High

    Cracks don’t occur under working loads

    		 Less
    Wt & suitability Light

    Heavy loads & longer spans

    		 Heavy

    Wt is more desired than steel
    Equiments Requires many specialized equiments

    Pulling jack, Post-tensioning pump, Master wedges, Anchhor head & bearing

    		 Doesn’t involve specialized equiments.
    Quality of steel reqd 1/3rd of RCC

    More strength & less c/s area

    		 More
    Deflection Very less More
    Load carrying capacity & Durability More Less
    Shock resistance More Less
    Yield As high as 2100 N/mm2 200 – 300 N/mm2
    Testing Testing of steel & concrete can be done while prestressing. No way of testing the steel & concrete.
    Cost Economical for span of 10m – 18m.

    As length of span gets ↑

    Cost % ↑

    C/s area of beam ↓

    		 Economical for span < 9m.
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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Why strength of white cement is less than OPC cement?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Production of white concrete with a compressive strength between 25 and 50 Mpa is possible by using white cement. It was also found out in study that white concrete had higher compressive strength than normal gray concrete. The strength in opc cement comes from calcium aluminate present in it. In anRead more

    Production of white concrete with a compressive strength between 25 and 50 Mpa is possible by using white cement. It was also found out in study that white concrete had higher compressive strength than normal gray concrete. The strength in opc cement comes from calcium aluminate present in it. In another hand, for achieving white color in white cement limestone, chalk, and clay are mixed due to which it gets expand and leads to lower strength.

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Kamesh Varan
Kamesh Varan

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Explain the step by step process for concrete mix design?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Explain the step by step process for Concrete Mix Design?

    Hi Kamesh Varan, For a step-by-step process of the mix, design refer IS 10262:2009. Also refer ACI 211.1, for details of mix design and the calculation of quantity. You may also refer IS 456: 2000 for curing and other properties of it also gives the idea of durability and strength of structures.

    Hi Kamesh Varan,

    For a step-by-step process of the mix, design refer IS 10262:2009.

    Also refer ACI 211.1, for details of mix design and the calculation of quantity.

    You may also refer IS 456: 2000 for curing and other properties of it also gives the idea of durability and strength of structures.

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Nimesh Gajera
Nimesh Gajera

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How to derive the capacity of load-bearing piles?

  1. Preet Chovatiya

    Preet Chovatiya

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    Preet Chovatiya Learner

    The ultimate load bearing capacity for cohesive soil can be define by following formula: Where, Qu = Ultimate load capacity, kN Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2 Nc = Bearing capacity factor, may be taken as 9 ci = Average cohesion for the ith layer, in kN/m2 Asi = Surface area of pile shRead more

    The ultimate load bearing capacity for cohesive soil can be define by following formula:

    Where,

    Qu = Ultimate load capacity, kN

    Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2

    Nc = Bearing capacity factor, may be taken as 9

    ci = Average cohesion for the ith layer, in kN/m2

    Asi = Surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer, in m2

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Please can you explain: what is the definition of concrete grade? Base on what the concrete grade is selected for construction? Example of Regular grading types and usage of those.  

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra

    What is Grade of Concrete? Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the concrete must posses after 28 days of construction with proper quality control. Grade of concrete is denoted by prefixing M to the desired strength in MPa. For example, for a grade of concrete with 20MPa strength, itRead more

    What is Grade of Concrete?

    Grade of concrete is defined as the minimum strength the concrete must posses after 28 days of construction with proper quality control.

    Grade of concrete is denoted by prefixing M to the desired strength in MPa. For example, for a grade of concrete with 20MPa strength, it will be denoted by M20, where M stands for Mix.

    These grade of concrete is converted into various mix proportions. For example, for M20 concrete, mix proportion will be 1:1.5:3 for cement:sand:coarse aggregates.

    How to select suitable grade for concrete construction?

    Grade of concrete construction is selected based on structural design requirements. There are two types of concrete mixes, nominal mix and design mix.

    Nominal mix concrete are those which are generally used for small scale construction and small residential buildings where concrete consumption is not high. Nominal mix takes care of factor of safety against various quality control problems generally occurring during concrete construction.

    Design mix concrete are those for which mix proportions are obtained from various lab tests. Use of design mix concrete requires good quality control during material selection, mixing, transportation and placement of concrete. This concrete offers mix proportions based on locally available material and offers economy in construction if large scale concrete construction is carried out.

    Thus, large concrete construction projects uses design mix concrete.

    So, suitable grade of concrete can be selected based on structural requirements. Nominal mixes for grades of concrete such as M15, M20, M25 are generally used for small scale construction.

    Large structures have high strength requirements, thus they go for higher grades of concrete such as M30 and above. The mix proportions of these concretes are based on mix design.

    Regular Grades of Concrete and their Uses

    Regular grades of concrete are M15, M20, M25 etc. For plain cement concrete works, generally M15 is used. For reinforced concrete construction minimum M20 grade of concrete are used.

    Concrete Grade Mix Ratio Compressive Strength
    MPa (N/mm2) psi
    Normal Grade of Concrete
    M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa 725 psi
    M7.5 1 : 4 : 8 7.5 MPa 1087 psi
    M10 1 : 3 : 6 10 MPa 1450 psi
    M15 1 : 2 : 4 15 MPa 2175 psi
    M20 1 : 1.5 : 3 20 MPa 2900 psi
    Standard Grade of Concrete
    M25 1 : 1 : 2 25 MPa 3625 psi
    M30 Design Mix 30 MPa 4350 psi
    M35 Design Mix 35 MPa 5075 psi
    M40 Design Mix 40 MPa 5800 psi
    M45 Design Mix 45 MPa 6525 psi
    High Strength Concrete Grades
    M50 Design Mix 50 MPa 7250 psi
    M55 Design Mix 55 MPa 7975 psi
    M60 Design Mix 60 MPa 8700 psi
    M65 Design Mix 65 MPa 9425 psi
    M70 Design Mix 70 MPa 10150 psi
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vivek gami
vivek gami

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What is green concrete and Green building? Where it is used?

  1. Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Kuldeep Singh Learner

    Green concrete is the term given to types of concrete that are rather beneficial or less harmful to the environment. Any green concrete must satisfy at least one of the following : Use non-polluting waste material(s) in at least one of its. Have a production process that doesn't lead to environmentaRead more

    Green concrete is the term given to types of concrete that are rather beneficial or less harmful to the environment. Any green concrete must satisfy at least one of the following :

    • Use non-polluting waste material(s) in at least one of its.
    • Have a production process that doesn’t lead to environmental destruction and pollution.
    • Have hight sustainability / life cycle without much environmental impact.
    • Use other environment-friendly materials such as natural pozzolans, CNT(s), fly ash, etc.
    • Cut down the energy usually needed for production.
    • Cut down the total carbon dioxide emission in its production.

    There aren’t any specific uses of green concrete because it behaves exactly like normal concrete. It’s just a question of initiative, labor, and willingness to adopt such a construction method that goes easy on the environment. Bridges, dams, houses, platforms have all been made using green concrete.

     

    Green buildings, on the other hand, are buildings that either use environment-friendly materials, cut down the emission of pollutants in construction, are sustainable, have little or no environmental impact, or use waste materials. They generally are greenhouse gas efficient, energy-efficient, water-efficient, and heat efficient.

    They, too, don’t really have any specific or special applications and can be used anytime.

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