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  1. Asked: February 2, 2021In: Construction Site Related

    Which instrument is widely used for surveying?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on February 2, 2021 at 10:24 am

    Instrument used for survey are listed below: 1) Instruments for chaining: A)Chain: i) Metric Chain ii) Gunter's Chain iii) Engineers Chain iv) Revenue Chain V) Steel Band or Band Chain   B) Tapes: I) Cloth or linen tape ii) Metallic Tape iii) Steel Tape iv) Invar Tape   C)Arrows D) Pegs E)Read more

    Instrument used for survey are listed below:

    1) Instruments for chaining:

    A)Chain:

    i) Metric Chain

    ii) Gunter’s Chain

    iii) Engineers Chain

    iv) Revenue Chain

    V) Steel Band or Band Chain

     

    B) Tapes:

    I) Cloth or linen tape

    ii) Metallic Tape

    iii) Steel Tape

    iv) Invar Tape

     

    C)Arrows

    D) Pegs

    E) Ranging Rods

    F) Offset Rods

    G) Plumb Bobs

     

    2) Instrument for measuring horizontal & vertical angles:

    I) Theodolite:

    a) Transit Theodolite

    b) Non-Transit Theodolite

     

    3) Levelling Instrument: Dumpy Level

     

     

     

     

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  2. Asked: November 5, 2017In: Construction Site Related

    Shrinkage reinforcement direction and percentage in wing walls

    aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare
    Added an answer on January 5, 2021 at 3:02 pm

    Make it simple. The quantity of rebar should be according to moment or min reqd. About the direction, simply find the direction of moment and give the rebars to resist them.

    Make it simple. The quantity of rebar should be according to moment or min reqd. About the direction, simply find the direction of moment and give the rebars to resist them.

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  3. Asked: October 13, 2020In: Construction Site Related

    How to rectify the old cement pipeline leakage problem?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on October 14, 2020 at 1:47 pm
    This answer was edited.
    Which instrument is widely used for surveying?

    If you have a leaking pipe below your Foundation then it is either a water or sewer line. Repairing the damage the line is not too hard and difficult task however locating and giving asses to it is matters a lot. Once you locate the general area of the leak then you will have to cut and reason yourRead more

    If you have a leaking pipe below your Foundation then it is either a water or sewer line. Repairing the damage the line is not too hard and difficult task however locating and giving asses to it is matters a lot. Once you locate the general area of the leak then you will have to cut and reason your way through the concrete to repair the pipes. There are several points to a slab leak. The presence of water is one of the main symptoms of leakage. The most commonly used type of pipe for water line under a slab Foundation is copper tubing. As copper pipe age then they are prone to wearing thin and springing a leak. Fixing a leaking sewer line may require the services of a plumber because of the types of pipes used for civil line and health-related issues involving exposure to human waste. Depending on the age of the home, the pipe may be cast iron, clay, or PVC. Special rubber couplings are ideal for connecting different types of pipes they are not recommended for use below concrete slabs.


     

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  4. Asked: October 10, 2020In: Construction Site Related

    How to pour Concrete in Narrow/Sleak Columns?

    nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru
    Added an answer on October 10, 2020 at 4:48 pm

    Generally, pouring concrete in narrow columns needs great caution to ensure the achievement of designated strength and durability because of its narrowness. Place the concrete in layers, and compact each layer properly to obtain a consolidated concrete mass that encircles steel bars and has low permRead more

    Generally, pouring concrete in narrow columns needs great caution to ensure the achievement of designated strength and durability because of its narrowness. Place the concrete in layers, and compact each layer properly to obtain a consolidated concrete mass that encircles steel bars and has low permeability. Use vibrations to consolidate fresh concrete, but avoid over-vibration as it may cause segregation.

    Here are some steps or points which are helpful for pouring the concrete in narrow/sleak column :-

    1. If the height of the column form is not considerably long, pour concrete from the top of the forms.
    2. Place concrete at or close to its final position.
    3. Pour concrete in layers with a thickness ranging from 30cm to 50cm if the height of the RC column is large.
    4. The period between successive concrete layers should not be longer than half an hour for normal concreting conditions and 20 minutes in case of hot weather conditions.
    5. Freefall of concrete from the trunk end should be done from 0.9 to 1.5m (occasionally restricted to 0.6m); otherwise, segregation would occur.
    6. The concrete freefall should be continuous. Prevent separation because of free falling of concrete over reinforcement or other embedded objects.
    7. Discharge concrete into the formworks directly without the use of chutes, trunks, or hoppers, if possible, to decrease segregation possibilities.
    8. Vibrate each layer to compact it properly. Lift the vibrator after the complete compaction of each concrete layer. Extend vibrator into the previous layer by 10-15cm.
    9. If the supply of concrete interrupts during concrete pouring, try to avoid the formation of cold joints in the column.
    10. Sometimes, set retarder materials might be used to the concrete surface to delay its setting and create a good bond with the next batch of concrete. Sugar can retard the concrete setting time by up to four hours. The next layer of concrete should be thinner than previous ones, and vibration should extend into the previous layers.
    11. In RC columns, start concrete pouring with 5 to 10 cm grout to avoid collection of loose stones at the bottom that lead to honeycomb formation. The grout slump is the same as the concrete slump with the same or lower w/c ratio.
    12. Alternatively, place the same concrete mix with half coarse aggregate at the bottom with a thickness range from 15-30cm.
    13. Roughen concrete surfaces after initial set with brush, if, for any reason concreting stops for a day to create good bonding with the next concrete layer.
    14. In summary, avoid problems arising from improper concreting practices by preventing full depth placement of concrete at one point, a lower slump for upper layers, preventing lateral movement of vibrators in concrete, and thoroughly vibrating concrete.

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  5. Asked: October 8, 2020In: Construction Site Related

    What shall be the spacing for core cutter sample for dry density determination for each layer while constructing long embankment?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on October 9, 2020 at 9:23 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Dry density by using a core cutter method: The dry density of soil can be determined with the help of the core cutter method. Because of change in the moisture content from time to time that's why there is a change in the field density as well Hence it is essential to record the test results in termRead more

    Dry density by using a core cutter method:

    The dry density of soil can be determined with the help of the core cutter method.

    Because of change in the moisture content from time to time that’s why there is a change in the field density as well Hence it is essential to record the test results in terms of dry density.

    Bulk density and water content required for calculating the dry density of soil using the core cutter method.

    There is no specification given in the IS Code regarding the spacing of the core cutter apparatus for finding out the dry density value accurately.


    Thank you.

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  6. Asked: October 5, 2020In: Construction Site Related

    Can we place a Column over Beam mid-span?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on October 6, 2020 at 12:15 am
    This answer was edited.

    Well, when we talk about an existing contract being then it's not possible.  The answer can be best understood with the help of the bending moment diagram.  The moment of an integrated column is placed in the mid-span of an existing beam for its support then it starts to behave in as a continuous beRead more

    Well, when we talk about an existing contract being then it’s not possible. 

    The answer can be best understood with the help of the bending moment diagram. 

    The moment of an integrated column is placed in the mid-span of an existing beam for its support then it starts to behave in as a continuous beam and negative moments develop on it both sides of the column for which there would not be any reinforcement available at the top level.

    Which means midspan of the beam contains only positive reinforcement at the bottom of the beam unless and until it has been designed for reversal of stresses which is not a common design practice. 

    My honest opinion is, in such type of critical situation The Beam may develop a crack on top of both sides of the column and may also fail in such type of case.


    Thank You.

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  7. Asked: October 5, 2020In: Construction Site Related

    Why Back Sight is also called as Plus Sight?

    Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on October 5, 2020 at 11:32 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Back Sight: Actually, the backside is a starting point for leveling.  The backside is the first reading after setting up the instrument at that particular site. Hence, backsight always is additive in nature. So, it's also called plus sight. Thank You.

    Back Sight:

    Actually, the backside is a starting point for leveling. 

    The backside is the first reading after setting up the instrument at that particular site.

    Hence, backsight always is additive in nature.

    So, it’s also called plus sight.


    Thank You.

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  8. Asked: October 31, 2017In: Construction Site Related

    Is a slab over a trapezoidal cross drain stable or not for a road of width 7m in rural roads?

    Omprakash Dhawale

    Omprakash Dhawale

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    Omprakash Dhawale Beginner
    Added an answer on October 3, 2020 at 11:55 am
    This answer was edited.

    Sir, Basically slope morphology impacts road drainage and ultimately road stability. Therefore we can placed culvert in each draw. Side slope for rural road where embankment height is less than 3m should be 1:3  

    Sir, Basically slope morphology impacts road drainage and ultimately road stability. Therefore we can placed culvert in each draw. Side slope for rural road where embankment height is less than 3m should be 1:3  

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