Can a slab over a trapezoidal cross drain with slope of 1:3 be placed and whether the slab will be stable for road
Any NABL certified laboratory can calibrate the equipments. You can find the list here List-Of-NABL-Accredited-Labs
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What should be the quantity of reinforcement in percentage and its direction in wing walls?
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Make it simple. The quantity of rebar should be according to moment or min reqd. About the direction, simply find the direction of moment and give the rebars to resist them.
Make it simple. The quantity of rebar should be according to moment or min reqd. About the direction, simply find the direction of moment and give the rebars to resist them.
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What is the difference between Ordinary Portland cement and Pozzolana Portland Cement? Which one is best for concrete works?
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Particulars OPC PPC Name Ordinary Portland Cement Portland Pozzolana Cement IS Codes OPC 33 Grade Cement is IS: 269, for 43 Grade Cement IS: 8112 is used and for 53 Grade Cement IS: 12269 PPC IS 1489 (part 1 & 2) 1991 Ingredients & Manufacturing process Cement is made by heating limestone (CRead more
Particulars OPC PPC Name Ordinary Portland Cement Portland Pozzolana Cement IS Codes OPC 33 Grade Cement is IS: 269, for 43 Grade Cement IS: 8112 is used and for 53 Grade Cement IS: 12269 PPC IS 1489 (part 1 & 2) 1991 Ingredients & Manufacturing process Cement is made by heating limestone (CaCO3 & clay) to 1450oC in a kiln & grounded with gypsum. Pozzolana materials like fly ash, volcanic ash are blended to OPC @ 15%-35% by wt. Environmental impact Uses limestone clay & gypsum which are natural stones & emits CO2 during making. Consumes industrial wastes such as fly ash, bf slag, etc. & is environment friendly. Grades available 33, 43, 53 Grades Don’t have any grade but attains strength of 33 grade cement on 228 days curing. After that its strength gain slows down. Cost per unit Costly compared to PPC due to limestone Cheaper bcoz limestone replaced by pozzolana Sulphate resistance Less durable in aggressive weather & sulphate attack & hence not preferred for marine structures, hydraulic structures, sewages pipes, etc. Highly resistant to sulphate & used & preferred for marine structures, hydraulic structures, sewages pipes, etc. Permeability & Durability Low fineness, permeability is less Higher fineness, higher permeability, result high durability. Setting time Initial setting time: 30mins Final setting time: 280mins
Initial setting time: 30mins Final setting time: 600mins
Construction speed Faster construction speed as it gains strength early. Gains strength with time. Fineness OPC has finiteness of 225 sq.m/kg. It has lower fineness than PPC. So, it has higher permeability resulting lower durability. PPC has finiteness of 300 sq.m/kg. It has higher fineness than OPC. So, it has lower permeability resulting in higher durability. Heat of Hydration It contains active salt hence more Heat of Hydration. Don’t have blended material & it gains 95% early strength in 7 days. Blended cement with flyash or slag, etc. Low heat of hydration. Gains 75% strength in 7 days & 90% strength in 14 days. Shrinkage cracks Will be more due to high heat of hyudration Less shrinkage cracks Workability Lower Lower Mass concrete Not preferred Preferred for mass concreting
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Which instrument is widely used for surveying?
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Instrument used for survey are listed below: 1) Instruments for chaining: A)Chain: i) Metric Chain ii) Gunter's Chain iii) Engineers Chain iv) Revenue Chain V) Steel Band or Band Chain B) Tapes: I) Cloth or linen tape ii) Metallic Tape iii) Steel Tape iv) Invar Tape C)Arrows D) Pegs E)Read more
Instrument used for survey are listed below:
1) Instruments for chaining:
A)Chain:
i) Metric Chain
ii) Gunter’s Chain
iii) Engineers Chain
iv) Revenue Chain
V) Steel Band or Band Chain
B) Tapes:
I) Cloth or linen tape
ii) Metallic Tape
iii) Steel Tape
iv) Invar Tape
C)Arrows
D) Pegs
E) Ranging Rods
F) Offset Rods
G) Plumb Bobs
2) Instrument for measuring horizontal & vertical angles:
I) Theodolite:
a) Transit Theodolite
b) Non-Transit Theodolite
3) Levelling Instrument: Dumpy Level
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What are the different advantages and disadvantages of artificial and natural sand for flooring of tiles? Which one is suitable ?
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River sand M sand Shape is round & smooth Shape is cubical, angular & rough texture Less cement paste is reqd to make concrete Req’s more water & cement Sand has high cost but using it makes work economical Sand is cheaper but using it will make it increased cost Contains less microfineRead more
River sand M sand Shape is round & smooth Shape is cubical, angular & rough texture Less cement paste is reqd to make concrete Req’s more water & cement Sand has high cost but using it makes work economical Sand is cheaper but using it will make it increased cost Contains less microfine particles Contains more microfine particles Doesn’t affect any property, best choice Affects strength & workability of cocrete Moisture content present Less or no moisture content Strength is less High comp strength & flexural strength but should be well graded. Slit & over-sized materials& marine products present should be removed by washing & screening. No slit & over-sized materials & marine products Used for RCC, plastering & Brick or block laying work Diff grades is used for diff works.
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What is the meaning of the defect liability period?
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Defect Liability period is a particular amount of time given to the contractor after the completion of a project to check if the project is delivered in good shape, whereby if any defects be detected, the contractor is to fix the defect for free during the defect liability period.
Defect Liability period is a particular amount of time given to the contractor after the completion of a project to check if the project is delivered in good shape, whereby if any defects be detected, the contractor is to fix the defect for free during the defect liability period.
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Komal Bhandakkar
AUTHOR
How can we install a solar panel in the slab?
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Why Install it in the slab? A solar panel is not a load bearing structure. You cannot use it for structural purposes. That is simply a bad decision because solar panels are costly and hence they need to be kept safe from damage. We can install them above the slab though if we wish to. But again, slaRead more
Why Install it in the slab? A solar panel is not a load bearing structure. You cannot use it for structural purposes. That is simply a bad decision because solar panels are costly and hence they need to be kept safe from damage. We can install them above the slab though if we wish to.
But again, slabs are horizontal and it’s foolish to install a horizontal solar panel. You’ll never see it that way anywhere except for at the equator. That is because sunlight mostly falls at a slant and to grab maximum intensity, the solar panel has to be perpendicular to the sun rays which will never be horizontal. Beyond the tropics, sunlight will never fall vertical ever in a year. So, no chance of installing a solar panel in the slab. Only if there’s a non load bearing slab cast to hold the solar panel, then it might be possible but that too is a bad idea because it will unnecessarily add to building cost, time and weight.
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Omprakash Dhawale
Sir, Basically slope morphology impacts road drainage and ultimately road stability. Therefore we can placed culvert in each draw. Side slope for rural road where embankment height is less than 3m should be 1:3
Sir, Basically slope morphology impacts road drainage and ultimately road stability. Therefore we can placed culvert in each draw. Side slope for rural road where embankment height is less than 3m should be 1:3
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