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amr soliman
amr soliman

amr soliman

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Beginner

What are the different types of door locks?

  1. vsandeep577@gmail.com

    vsandeep577@gmail.com

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    vsandeep577@gmail.com Beginner

    There are many types of door locks- 1-Deadbolts 2-Knob lock 3-Mortise lock 4-Cam locks 5-Euro profile cylinder 6-Padlocks 7-Lever handle lock 8-Wall mounted lock 9-furniture lock 10-interchangeable core cylinder 11-Key in Knob cylinder 12-Rim latch lock 13-T-handle lock

    There are many types of door locks-
    1-Deadbolts
    2-Knob lock
    3-Mortise lock
    4-Cam locks
    5-Euro profile cylinder
    6-Padlocks
    7-Lever handle lock
    8-Wall mounted lock
    9-furniture lock
    10-interchangeable core cylinder
    11-Key in Knob cylinder
    12-Rim latch lock
    13-T-handle lock

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Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

Komal Bhandakkar

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AUTHOR

Mechanism of rotating tower lacated at Dubai ?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Mechanism of rotating tower lacated at Dubai?

    Rotating Tower: Mechanism of rotating Tower: Mechanism of rotating Tower is very interesting to understand.  1)The whole steel structure is constructed with reference to Central Core and highly reinforced Foundation. 2)Driving system- every flower in the rotating Tower can be rotated around the centRead more

    Rotating Tower:

    Mechanism of rotating Tower:

    Mechanism of rotating Tower is very interesting to understand. 

    1)The whole steel structure is constructed with reference to Central Core and highly reinforced Foundation.

    2)Driving system- every flower in the rotating Tower can be rotated around the central Core which is connected by rails.

    3) Load cases: Different loads that are dead load life load wind load and earthquake loads are taken into account while designing the rotating Tower.

    4)Optimisation analysis: The stresses and deformation directly acting on the core of the rotating tower are very high.

    5)Alternative designs of the rotating tower:

    1. Alternative 1- Architects design
    2. Alternative 2- higher concrete grade
    3. Alternative 3- increased wall thickness
    4. Alternative 4- outrigger braced concrete Core
    5. Alternative 5- perimeter columns with Stiff floors

    6) Architect name:

    • RotatingTower is developed by the Italian architect David Fisher.

    7)  Shape of rotating Tower:

    • Because of the rotation of all floors can be possible independently, the building can transform into every different imaginable shape.

    8) Height of rotating Tower:

    • The original design of the rotating tower height is approximately 435 metre.

    9) Current need:

    • The current design of the stabilizing core of the rotating tower doesn’t intersect any essential need. Hence investigation of the structure according to the stiffness and strength is really very important parameter.

    10)Speciality of rotating Tower:

    • All the floors of the rotating tower can separately rotate with reference to the common axis located at the centre of the tower.
    • Rotating Tower is only one building in which it’s all floors can rotate 360-degree angle.
    • Every Apartment can spin individually in any direction
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Muzamil
Muzamil

Muzamil

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What should be the mix proportions of antifreeze concrete admixture during freezing conditions and also suitable antifreeze to be used.

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru

    An antifreeze admixture consisting of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate in a ratio of sodium nitrate to sodium sulphate of 3:1 and wherein the admixture is present in the amount of from 2% to 8% , by weight of mixture.

    An antifreeze admixture consisting of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate in a ratio of sodium nitrate to sodium sulphate of 3:1 and wherein the admixture is present in the amount of from 2% to 8% , by weight of mixture.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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What is the difference between Mild steel, high yield strength deformed bars, cold twisted deformed bars and QST bars?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    Steel reinforcing bars are used to enhance the tensile strength of concrete though concrete is weak in tension, and its because both have the same coefficient of thermal expansion. Also, structural steel is used as such to construct steel buildings, which is more easier in erection and is having lesRead more

    Steel reinforcing bars are used to enhance the tensile strength of concrete though concrete is weak in tension, and its because both have the same coefficient of thermal expansion. Also, structural steel is used as such to construct steel buildings, which is more easier in erection and is having less strength to weight ratio compared to concrete. Also steel have 100% scrap value.

    MILD STEEL REINFORCING BARS

    The mild steel bars are smooth and round in shape having diameter ranges from 6mm to 50mm used for small scale construction works.

    Mild steel is also known as low carbon steel having 0.1% to 0.25% of carbon. But mild steel is not considered as an alloy steel though it doesn’t contain other elements in it compared to different steel varieties. As carbon content increases, ultimate strength and hardness will increase, but ductility and toughness decreases. Though mild steel contains very little carbon, it is ductile and weldable but having low strength. Also, mild steel is highly prone to corrosion.

    HIGH YIELD STRENGTH DEFORMED BARS

    High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) are manufactured under heat treatment followed by either heat rolled or cold twisted for shaping.

    HYSD bars moderately resistant to corrosion and the manufacturing process itself cause surface flaws in it. It is heavily weighted, and its transportation cost is high. Residual stress is high and tensile stress is low in HYSD bars that cause deformation.

    THERMO-MECHANICALLY TREATED BARS

    TMT bars are having much more advantages than hysd bars and nowadays hysd bars are not using.

    TMT bars are having a hardened outer core and soft inner core. These bars are passed through water after they get hot rolled, which makes the surface more firm, and the inner core stays warmer itself. Hence core became more ductile, and no deformation process employed like in hysd makes it more strengthened. TMT bars are having soft ferrite-pearlite core with a hard martensitic rim.TMT bars help to reduce steel consumption to 8 to 11% compared to hysd bars. TMT bars are having more corrosion resistive property and is highly flexible than hysd bars. It is highly earthquake resistant with high tensile strength and low residual strength. TMT bars can absorb about 400 to 600°C of heat and highly fire-resistant.

    COLD TWISTED DEFORMED BARS

    The specifications related to CTD bars are provided in IS: 1786–1985. They are commonly known as TOR steel bars.

    TOR is a kind of high adherence steel. TOR bars have surface deformation formed by twisting the steel after lengthening. This imparts high yield strength to steel and furnishes legitimate proper bondage with concrete.TOR is a type of hysd steel, where the steel bars, subsequent to experiencing the required heat treatment process, are cold twisted and distorted.

    QUENCHED AND SELF TEMPERED STEEL

    These are very much similar to TMT bars where annealing is the process which is not conducted for QST steel manufacturing. These have adequate quality and malleability. QST steel bars are also having the same cross-sectional material of soft ferrite-pearlite core with a hard martensitic rim as that of TMT bars.

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Asked: In:
Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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What are the difference between Tender and Contract Documents? Can we mention tender documents as contract document while issuing LOA to  the Contractor. if no then what is the difference?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Best Answer
    Gopal Mishra

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain. Tender Documents: A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame andRead more

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain.

    Tender Documents:

    A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame and as per conditions of contract and agreement between the contractor and the owner or the department or the party.

    The tender documents contains the bill of quantities (BOQ), specifications of the works to be carried out, time frame for the completion of the work, conditions of the contract and plans and drawings. These documents are provided to the contractor on the payment of certain fees. The contractor who quotes the lowest rates for the overall works are offer the contract to execute the work.

    Contract Documents:

    Contract documents are the agreement between the owner or the party or the department and the contractor to execute the works as specified in the tender documents as per conditions of contract on the rates quoted by the contractor.

    The difference between Tender and Contract Documents:

    The difference here to be noted is that tender documents are offered to as many contractors as possible to get the lowest quotes for the work specified, while the contract documents are signed only with the contractor with lowest tender or rates.

    While the tender documents contains the conditions of contract and all the details for the specified work, there is not much difference between the two in terms of contents. But tender documents can not be submitted as Letter of Acceptance (LOA) as these are two different types of documents. While a tender document can not bind the contractor to do the work, a contract document binds the contractor to complete the work as per the agreement.

    Simple Example to understand the difference between tender and contract documents:

    When you are selected for a job in a company you are offered offer letter to join the company. But getting selected in a company does not mean that you join the same company, you may have other offer letters as well. But when you sign the letter of acceptance (LOA) for the job, you are bound to join the company. So, here offer letter from the company is a tender document and LOA is the contract document.

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Asked: In:
amr soliman
amr soliman

amr soliman

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Beginner

Explain the concept of built-up area and super built-up area?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Best Answer
    Gopal Mishra

    Built-up area and super built-up area is generally used in real-estate. It is used to calculate the cost of property per square feet or square meter. The built-up area is the carpet area plus the thickness of the outer walls and the balcony. The Super built-up area is the built-up area plus a proporRead more

    Built-up area and super built-up area is generally used in real-estate. It is used to calculate the cost of property per square feet or square meter.

    The built-up area is the carpet area plus the thickness of the outer walls and the balcony. The Super built-up area is the built-up area plus a proportionate area of common areas such as the lobby, lifts shaft, stairs, etc. Sometimes it may also include the common areas such, swimming pool, garden, clubhouse, etc.

    The carpet area is the covered area of the usable spaces of rooms in the building. It is measured between walls to walls within the building and is the sum of the actual areas of the rooms where you can carpet.

    Now, when the total cost of construction of a building including the cost of land or plot, is lets say, USD 10,000 and its carpet area is 1000 sqft, built-up area is 1250 sqft and super built-up area is 1500 sqft, then the cost of the building per square feet can be calculated as:

    Cost per sqft of carpet area = USD 100,000/1000 = USD 100

    Cost per sqft of built-up area = USD 100,000/1250 = USD 80

    Cost per sqft of super built-up area = USD 100,000/1250 = USD 66.67

    In this way, you can arrive at the actual cost of construction per square feet including the cost of land or plot. This can also be used to calculate the selling cost of the property.

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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Which one should be stronger brick or brick bond? Why?

  1. Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Best Answer
    Kuldeep Singh Learner

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that "Mortar must never be stronger than bricks." It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger,Read more

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that “Mortar must never be stronger than bricks.” It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger, eventually break up on their own with time without extra forces applied.

    First, you must understand that nobody is trying to break your wall. The extra loads, in addition to compressive loads from the top, are only due to minor movements from temperature changes, structural settlement, etc. and lateral forces. Even though you do make a stronger mortar, breaking won’t be significantly toughened.

    Now, coming to the actual reasons, the joints must be weaker because of the wall cracks or breaks, it should preferably do so trough the mortar than the bricks because mortar will be easier and cheaper to repair. Also, if bricks break, the whole wall could come down, but mortar won’t break at all places in the wall. Also, rich and strong mortars tend to be rigid against minor movements and are comparative more vulnerable to initiate cracks as a consequence.

    Secondly, from a durability standpoint, it is even more important to have a weaker mortar. If there’s hard and dense mortar around porous open textured bricks, the bricks absorb moisture more readily during rains. Now when the weather improves, bricks can’t dry up freely from all sides because of hard imporous mortar surrounding. This water retained in the blocks weakens them. Further, if there’s extreme cold, freezing and thawing will cause the bricks to split and break, which can be catastrophic. If we have a weaker mortar, water will take a path, thought it.

    So, you need a weaker bond and stronger brick so as to protect the bricks from failing rather than the mortar because it will be more catastrophic and expensive.

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