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Asked: May 31, 2016In: Construction

What is the difference between Tender and Contract Documents?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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What are the difference between Tender and Contract Documents? Can we mention tender documents as contract document while issuing LOA to  the Contractor. if no then what is the difference?

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra
    Added an answer on June 1, 2016 at 11:45 pm

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain. Tender Documents: A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame andRead more

    To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain.

    Tender Documents:

    A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame and as per conditions of contract and agreement between the contractor and the owner or the department or the party.

    The tender documents contains the bill of quantities (BOQ), specifications of the works to be carried out, time frame for the completion of the work, conditions of the contract and plans and drawings. These documents are provided to the contractor on the payment of certain fees. The contractor who quotes the lowest rates for the overall works are offer the contract to execute the work.

    Contract Documents:

    Contract documents are the agreement between the owner or the party or the department and the contractor to execute the works as specified in the tender documents as per conditions of contract on the rates quoted by the contractor.

    The difference between Tender and Contract Documents:

    The difference here to be noted is that tender documents are offered to as many contractors as possible to get the lowest quotes for the work specified, while the contract documents are signed only with the contractor with lowest tender or rates.

    While the tender documents contains the conditions of contract and all the details for the specified work, there is not much difference between the two in terms of contents. But tender documents can not be submitted as Letter of Acceptance (LOA) as these are two different types of documents. While a tender document can not bind the contractor to do the work, a contract document binds the contractor to complete the work as per the agreement.

    Simple Example to understand the difference between tender and contract documents:

    When you are selected for a job in a company you are offered offer letter to join the company. But getting selected in a company does not mean that you join the same company, you may have other offer letters as well. But when you sign the letter of acceptance (LOA) for the job, you are bound to join the company. So, here offer letter from the company is a tender document and LOA is the contract document.

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Asked: December 18, 2018In: Construction

Which cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC?

Gangadhar
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Which cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC? What is the difference and advantages of these cements for slab?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on August 10, 2020 at 8:45 pm

    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs. Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the buildingRead more

    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the building making cost, PPC should be adopted.

    Both the PPC and OPC cement is used in the construction of slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement is Better resistant to sulfate attacks. Thus PPC is used in underwater construction where water has some amount of sulfur quantity. Its setting time is higher than OPC.

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Asked: May 30, 2016In: Construction

How to prepare Construction Quotations and Estimate?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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I am really happy to join and I would like to ask what are items to be taken into consideration when preparing quotation for construction works and approximate cost of each item on the post of construction work supervisor. Simply I ...

  1. Gopal Mishra

    Gopal Mishra

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    Gopal Mishra
    Added an answer on October 18, 2017 at 1:57 pm

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out. For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the deRead more

    Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out.

    For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the details about type of work such as brickwork in superstructure or substructure, or at particular height, the mix proportion of cement and sand, etc. are provided. All you have to do is to estimate the unit rate for the brickwork for the given specification of the work and provide the rate to the client.

    For estimating unit rate of brickwork, the cost of materials such as bricks, cement, sand and water, the labor required for unit work done, cost / rent of tools and equipment, contractor’s profit, contingencies etc. need to be calculated and summed up.

    Thus to estimate the cost of unit quantity of particular work, the cost of materials, tools, equipment, labor, transportation, profit, contingencies etc. shall be considered for the calculation.

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Asked: November 30, 2017In: Construction

What are the types of slabs and how to design them?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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Can you tell me types of slabs? And how can we design them?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare
    Added an answer on August 17, 2020 at 8:40 am

    Flat slab - Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital). Slab with drop and column without column head. Slab without drop and column with column head. Slab with drop and column with column head. Conventional slab - conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ toRead more

    Flat slab – Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m.

    1. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital).
    2. Slab with drop and column without column head.
    3. Slab without drop and column with column head.
    4. Slab with drop and column with column head.


    Conventional slab – conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ to 6″ inches

    1. One-Way Slab
    2. Two-Way Slab

    Hollow core ribbed slab

    hollow core ribbed slab

    Hardy slab

    1. One way Hardy Slab
    2. Two way Hardy slab

    Waffle slab

    1. Triangular pod system
    2. Square pod system

    Dome slab

    dome slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Slab with arches

    arch slab

    Post tension slab

    post tension slab

    Pre tension Slab

    Low roof slab

    Projected slab

    projected slab

    Grads Slab/ Slab on grade

    slab with sand and concreteconcrete slab

    Sunken Slab

    sunken slab below ground level

     

    a) Effective span of slab:

    Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two

    1. L = clear span + d (effective depth )

    2. L = Center to center distance between the support

    b) Depth of slab:

    The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. the trail depth can be obtained using:

    • Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)
    • For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.
    • The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456 provided short span is 3.5m and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

    Type of support

    Simply supported

    Fe-250 – L/35

    Fe-415 – L/28

    Continuous support

    Fe-250 – L/40

    Fe-415 – L/32

    Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

    • One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).
    • Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)
    • Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

    c) Load on slab:

    The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m2).

    Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 ( Where D is thickness of slab in m)

    Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2

    Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)

    Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS456: 2000

    a) Nominal Cover:

    For Mild exposure – 20 mm

    For Moderate exposure – 30 mm

    However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm. Thus for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15 mm.

    b) Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than

    • 0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel
    • 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

    c) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

    • Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
    • Distribution steel –5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab. Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm) though code do not recommend any value.

    d) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.

     

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Asked: October 18, 2017In: Construction

What is Stress Ribbon Bridge?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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Gopal Mishra

What is a stressed ribbon bridge? Please provide details about it.

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Komal Bhandakkar AUTHOR
    Added an answer on September 13, 2020 at 9:19 pm
    What is Stress Ribbon Bridge?

    Stressed Ribbon Bridge : In a very simple way, I am discussing stress Ribbon Bridge. Have a look! Meaning of stressed Ribbon Bridge : Stress simply related to tension and hence stressed Ribbon Bridge is tension structure Suspension cables are present in stressed Ribbon Bridge.  Due to ribbon stiffneRead more

    Stressed Ribbon Bridge :

    In a very simple way, I am discussing stress Ribbon Bridge. Have a look!


    Meaning of stressed Ribbon Bridge :

    • Stress simply related to tension and hence stressed Ribbon Bridge is tension structure
    • Suspension cables are present in stressed Ribbon Bridge.
    •  Due to ribbon stiffness gives to the structure.

    Examples of stress Ribbon Bridge :

    here I am discussing actual examples of stressed Ribbon Bridge, they are as follows;

    • Lake Hodges Pedestrian Bridge
    • Leonel Viera Bridge
    • Phyllis J. Tilley Memorial Bridge
    • Rogue river pedestrian Bridge
    • Terwilliger Park foot Bridge

     

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Asked: July 10, 2020In: Construction

What are the properties of good building stones?

Shivan
Shivan

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What are the properties of good building stones?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on January 14, 2021 at 2:11 pm
    This answer was edited.

    APPEARANCE The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color. It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials. STRENGTH A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure. It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm²Read more

    APPEARANCE

    • The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color.
    • It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials.

    STRENGTH

    • A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure.
    • It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm².

    HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

    • The stone to be used in stone pavements, as railway ballast or road metal must be sufficiently hard, tough, resistance to abrasion.
    • It must be able to resist wear and tear.

    DURABILITY

    • A good bldg stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of weathering against eg., rain, wing, temp, etc.
    • It should have fine grained, compact, and crystalline structure.

    TEXTURE

    A good bldg stone should have a closed grained and compact texture.

    WORKABILITY

    The stone to be used for ornamental craving and architectural appearance should be easily and economically dressed.

    SEASONING

    The stone to be used for an imp interior work should be well seasoned. Presence of moisture makes the stone soft and it is liable to an early decay when used in structural work.

    POROSITY

    • A good bldg stone should be less porous.
    • It should not absorb more than 5% of water.
    • Any stone absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.

    RESISTANCE TO FIRE

    • A good bldg stone should be able to resist high temp.
    • Its minerals constitutes should have equal coeff for expansion.

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY

    • The stone to be used on heavy engg works, docks, harbours, gravity dams, etc must have high specific gravity.
    • Its varies from 2.4 – 2.8.

    RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY

    • A good bldg stone should be non-absorbent like marble and slate etc.
    • It can offer good resistance to electricity.
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Asked: July 24, 2020In: Construction

What is the difference between Tender and Quotation?

vivek gami
vivek gami

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What is the difference between Tender and Quotation?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 29, 2020 at 4:03 pm

    Quotations are requested where the value of goods and/or services is less than $150,000. Tenders, as a rule are called for contracts in excess of $150,000. Every business has to give its customers prices for its products or services.

    Quotations are requested where the value of goods and/or services is less than $150,000. Tenders, as a rule are called for contracts in excess of $150,000. Every business has to give its customers prices for its products or services.

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Asked: July 7, 2020In: Construction

Explain the construction of IPS flooring?

DevilAVRT
DevilAVRT

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Explain the construction of IPS flooring?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru
    Added an answer on December 3, 2020 at 1:48 pm

    IPS flooring generally stands for Indian Patent Stone which is also considered as a cheap flooring. The constituent of this type of flooring is cement, admixture, down 10mm coloured/white chips mixed with required water of around 35-50 mm thick on rcc/pcc surface. It is done through panel system makRead more

    IPS flooring generally stands for Indian Patent Stone which is also considered as a cheap flooring. The constituent of this type of flooring is cement, admixture, down 10mm coloured/white chips mixed with required water of around 35-50 mm thick on rcc/pcc surface. It is done through panel system making by glass trip/aluminium strip. Flotter can be used to surface smooth.

    IPS floor can be used for all types of floors.

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