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Anjana
Anjana

Anjana

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How the Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement Differ?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    nikeetasharma Guru

    A balance sheet is the summary of the financial balances of a company, while a cash flow statement shows how the changes in the balance sheet accounts - and income on the income statement - affect a companys cash position.

    A balance sheet is the summary of the financial balances of a company, while a cash flow statement shows how the changes in the balance sheet accounts – and income on the income statement – affect a companys cash position.

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Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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What is Sand Face Plaster and Where is it used?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Generally sand faced plaster is defined as the layer of cement-sand mortar applied over brickwork and served as a wet-proof coat on masonry. This type of plaster is used to give a finishing touch to a surface. But to some extent it also serves as a sound and thermal insulation material. Sand faced pRead more

    Generally sand faced plaster is defined as the layer of cement-sand mortar applied over brickwork and served as a wet-proof coat on masonry. This type of plaster is used to give a finishing touch to a surface. But to some extent it also serves as a sound and thermal insulation material.

    Sand faced plaster is used in walls and ceilings.

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Emmyvin
Emmyvin

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What is the life span of a building without any defects and any complaint?

  1. Preet Chovatiya

    Preet Chovatiya

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    Preet Chovatiya Learner

    The life span of a building generally depends on geographical location, and it is different in country wise. Here I explain the life span of the building and their components in India are as below: The average life span of a concrete building is 75 to 100 years. the lifespan of building the componenRead more

    The life span of a building generally depends on geographical location, and it is different in country wise. Here I explain the life span of the building and their components in India are as below:

    The average life span of a concrete building is 75 to 100 years. the lifespan of building the componentwise table is attached below:

    The lifespan of Concrete Building Component wise

     

     

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Seshachalam Chamarthy
Seshachalam Chamarthy

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Dear all, I would like to know the any graph or relation ship between form work stripping time vs compressive strength of concrete. As per IS 456: 2000 Amendment 5 mentioned the form work stripping duration for different type of structures. But I ...

  1. Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Kuldeep Singh Learner

    Hello there Me. Chamarhy! I read the complete thread and I understand that you haven't exactly got the answer you are looking for. Well, that's partly because you are slightly misinterpreting cl. 11.3 of IS 456 (2000). It says that formwork must not be removed until concrete gains at least twice theRead more

    Hello there Me. Chamarhy! I read the complete thread and I understand that you haven’t exactly got the answer you are looking for. Well, that’s partly because you are slightly misinterpreting cl. 11.3 of IS 456 (2000). It says that formwork must not be removed until concrete gains at least twice the strength it needs to stand the stresses it will experience during formwork removal. Now, if you look carefully, this doesn’t mean that the code has given this advice with concrete’s final compressive strength in view. It is solely there for the safety of the structural member during formwork removal. 

    The table within that clause, says that for ordinary conditions (OPC is used, ambient temperatures >= 15°C, adequate curing is done), these stripping times for the concrete to reach that above mentioned strength will be so and so for so and so types of formwork. It is not talking about the compressive strength of concrete.

    Apparently there is indeed no specific mathematical relationship between the formwork stripping time and the final (28 days) compressive strength. This guideline is solely for the protection of concrete during formwork removal. Obviously concrete gains strength the better the better it’s cured. So, if someone wishes to strip early and begin curing early, the code is trying to advice against it. Furthermore, concrete indeed attains strength in direct proportionality with the quality control in production, the quality of the materials and the adequacy of curing. As far as I think, there could be only a little implication that concrete gains strength well if it retains heat in very early age and formwork does insulate the concrete. But that’s not much important because you can’t wail too long to strip formwork so that you can start curing when it’s the right time.

    Now, the next point is the theoretical or experimental evidence that you are seeking. I’d like to humbly tell you that the table in 11.3 which claims that these are the times for achieving double the strength requirement for formwork stripping must indeed be based on experimental data. It is easy to model the stresses induced at the time of stripping. Now, the strength of concrete within formwork can also be estimated via pull out test and a few non destructive tests. You can Google ‘concrete strength tests during maturity period’ and it’ll pop up with a number of papers and articles. The pull out test for instance, corellates the compressive strength to the force required to pull out a core of specific shape and size, in a specific way from the maturing concrete.

    To conclude, the code is not talking about a relationship between removal time and the compressive strength. It’s only talking about the corelation between removal time and the strength at that very time of formwork removal, for which, experimental evidence has long been found.

    Sorry for a long explanation. But, I’ll be more than pleased if it clears your doubt. Thank you!

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DevilAVRT
DevilAVRT

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What is a Floor Area Ratio (FAR)?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare

    What does FLOOR AREA RATIO mean: FAR is a technical term used in Urban Planning that determines the total built-up space of the building on a plot of land. Generally, the FAR of the City or the Area is fixed by the government, based on various parameters like infrastructure, population or populationRead more

    What does FLOOR AREA RATIO mean:

    FAR is a technical term used in Urban Planning that determines the total built-up space of the building on a plot of land. Generally, the FAR of the City or the Area is fixed by the government, based on various parameters like infrastructure, population or population growth. These you will understand once you are going through this issue.

    So by Definition FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR) is the ratio of BUILDING’S TOTAL COVERED AREA to THE SIZE OF THE PLOT on which it is built.

    BUILDING’S TOTAL COVERED AREA is the Gross Floor Area.

    Formula for FAR

    FAR = TOTAL COVERED AREA (ALL FLOORS)/ AREA OF PLOT.

    For e.f. If there are 4 Floors and each Floor is of 5000 Sq feet, then the Total Covered Area of all the Floors is 20000 Sq Feet and the size of the plot is 10000 Sq Feet, then FAR = 20000/10000 = 2. In some areas it is mentioned as % i,e, 200% or somewhere it is mentioned simply 200. So if it is 200 then it means the FAR of the City or Area is 2, meaning one is authorized to build up the covered area 2 times to that of the plot area.

    But Generally FAR is fixed by the government, for particular City or Area and the FAR can be used to calculate the Total Covered Area that is built on a plot of land.

    NOTE: There is one more term FLOOR SPACE INDEX i.e. FSI. The meaning of FAR and FSI is the same. There is a difference of only denoting these two. FAR is always mentioned in percentage. For e.g. the FAR of any City / Area is 200% then the FSI of the same City / Area will be denoted as 2.0.

    Let us understand with the help of an illustration as in the image below:

    For e.g. the total Plot Area is 10000 Sq feet

    CASE 1: If FAR of a place is 0.5, then the total area to be built up is allowed only 5000 sq feet.

    OPTION A: One can construct in 50% of the plot area, only one floor of 5000 sq feet. So FAR = 5000/10000=0.5

    OPTION B : One can construct in 25% 2 Stories of 2500 sq feet of each. So FAR = (2X2500)/10000=5000/10000 = 0.5

    What is Floor Area Ratio (FAR)? | Seattle's Land Use Code

    CASE 2: If FAR of a place is 1.0, then the total area to be built up is allowed only 10000 sq feet.

    OPTION A: One can construct in 100% of the plot area, only one floor of 10000 sq feet. So FAR = 10000/10000=1.0

    OPTION B : One can construct in 50% of the plot area ,2 Stories floor of 5000 sq feet. So FAR = (5000 X 2) /10000 = 10000/10000=1.0

    OPTION C : One can construct in 25% 4 stories of 2500 sq feet of each. So FAR = (2500 X 4) /10000=10000/10000 = 1.0

    CASE 3: If FAR of a place is 2.0, then the total area to be built up is allowed only 20000 sq feet.

    OPTION A : One can construct in 100% of the plot area ,2 Stories of 10000 sq feet each. So FAR = (10000 X 2 )/10000 = 20000/10000=2.0

    OPTION B : One can construct in 50% of the plot area ,4 Stories floor of 5000 sq feet. So FAR = (5000 X 4) /10000 = 20000/10000=2.0

    OPTION C : One can construct in 25% 8 stories of 2500 sq feet of each. So FAR = (2500 X 8) /10000=20000/10000 = 1.0

    So if you know the FAR, you can calculate the total covered area that can be built on the plot.

    How much open area you have to leave or how much area can be built up depends on the zoning and planning regulations also. For e.g. how much area to be left for:

    • Setback.
    • Parking
    • Ground Coverage or Maximum Ground Coverage.
    • Height Restrictions

    FACTORS URBAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY CONSIDER WHILE DECIDING FAR:

    • The current population of the City / Area: When the population of the City / Area is high, the FAR is also high, it means the government is intending for Vertical Development as compared to the spread-out development,
    • Population Growth: If the population growth rate is high, then also the FAR of the City / Area is high
    • Infrastructure: Infrastructure also plays a key role while deciding the FAR of the City / Area. If Infrastructure is low then FAR will be kept low otherwise there will be pressure on infrastructural facilities viz, water, power supply, transport etc. If Infrastructure of the City / Area is already high and developed by the government relative to population density, then FAR can be kept at a higher level by the Authorities.

    Note: If in the City / Area, the infrastructure is low but the population is growing at a faster rate, then the government has to increase the infrastructure and FAR has to be kept higher to accommodate the high growing population.

    So when FAR increases the Population Density of the City / Area increases.

    IMPACT OF HIGH FAR:

    • Higher Population Density
    • Stress on Infrastructure
    • Better Profitability for Developers
    • High Land Value
    • Better Walkability

    IMPACT OF LOW FAR:

    • Lower Population Density.
    • Better Per Capita Infrastructure
    • Reduced Profitability for the Developers.
    • Low Land Prices.
    • Long Travel Distances
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Asked: In:
Shivan
Shivan

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What are refractory bricks and mention it’s types?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory is a block of ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency. There are mainlyRead more

    A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory is a block of ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency.

    There are mainly three varieties of refractory bricks;

    a) Acid Refractories
    i. Ordinary Fire Bricks
    ii. Silica Bricks
    iii. Ganister Bricks

    b) Basic Refractories
    i. Magnesite Bricks
    ii. Dolomite Bricks
    iii. Bauxite Bricks

    c) Neutral Refractories
    i. Chromite Bricks
    ii. Carborundum
    iii. Chrome Magnesite Bricks
    iv. Spinal Bricks
    v. Forsterite Bricks

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Asked: In:
Vivek Patel
Vivek Patel

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Which one should be stronger brick or brick bond? Why?

  1. Kuldeep Singh

    Kuldeep Singh

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    Kuldeep Singh Learner

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that "Mortar must never be stronger than bricks." It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger,Read more

    I completely disagree with a previous answer given by someone. There is a famous saying in brick masonry that “Mortar must never be stronger than bricks.” It is crucial for the bond to be weaker than the brick from both a strength and a durability point of view. Walls where the mortar was stronger, eventually break up on their own with time without extra forces applied.

    First, you must understand that nobody is trying to break your wall. The extra loads, in addition to compressive loads from the top, are only due to minor movements from temperature changes, structural settlement, etc. and lateral forces. Even though you do make a stronger mortar, breaking won’t be significantly toughened.

    Now, coming to the actual reasons, the joints must be weaker because of the wall cracks or breaks, it should preferably do so trough the mortar than the bricks because mortar will be easier and cheaper to repair. Also, if bricks break, the whole wall could come down, but mortar won’t break at all places in the wall. Also, rich and strong mortars tend to be rigid against minor movements and are comparative more vulnerable to initiate cracks as a consequence.

    Secondly, from a durability standpoint, it is even more important to have a weaker mortar. If there’s hard and dense mortar around porous open textured bricks, the bricks absorb moisture more readily during rains. Now when the weather improves, bricks can’t dry up freely from all sides because of hard imporous mortar surrounding. This water retained in the blocks weakens them. Further, if there’s extreme cold, freezing and thawing will cause the bricks to split and break, which can be catastrophic. If we have a weaker mortar, water will take a path, thought it.

    So, you need a weaker bond and stronger brick so as to protect the bricks from failing rather than the mortar because it will be more catastrophic and expensive.

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Gangadhar
Gangadhar

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Which cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC? What is the difference and advantages of these cements for slab?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs. Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the buildingRead more

    Generally, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used in the factories, power plants and in large construction slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) is used for the construction of houses, schools, and residential building slabs. PPC is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. Thus to reduce the building making cost, PPC should be adopted.

    Both the PPC and OPC cement is used in the construction of slabs.

    Portland pozzolana cement is Better resistant to sulfate attacks. Thus PPC is used in underwater construction where water has some amount of sulfur quantity. Its setting time is higher than OPC.

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