Construction

APPEARANCE

• The stone to be used for facework must have uniform and pleasing color.
• It must be free from cavities, crack, flaws and patches of loose and soft materials.

STRENGTH

• A good bldg stone should have sufficient crushing strength to withstand the load of superstructure.
• It should ≮ 1000 kg/cm².

HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASION

• The stone to be used in stone pavements, as railway ballast or road metal must be sufficiently hard, tough, resistance to abrasion.
• It must be able to resist wear and tear.

DURABILITY

• A good bldg stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of weathering against eg., rain, wing, temp, etc.
• It should have fine grained, compact, and crystalline structure.

TEXTURE

A good bldg stone should have a closed grained and compact texture.

WORKABILITY

The stone to be used for ornamental craving and architectural appearance should be easily and economically dressed.

SEASONING

The stone to be used for an imp interior work should be well seasoned. Presence of moisture makes the stone soft and it is liable to an early decay when used in structural work.

POROSITY

• A good bldg stone should be less porous.
• It should not absorb more than 5% of water.
• Any stone absorbing 10% of water should be rejected.

RESISTANCE TO FIRE

• A good bldg stone should be able to resist high temp.
• Its minerals constitutes should have equal coeff for expansion.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• The stone to be used on heavy engg works, docks, harbours, gravity dams, etc must have high specific gravity.
• Its varies from 2.4 – 2.8.

RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY

• A good bldg stone should be non-absorbent like marble and slate etc.
• It can offer good resistance to electricity.

Formwork shall be measured in square metres as the actual surfaces in contact with the concrete

The formwork or shuttering quantity for the member is measured as per the code of BIS – IS 1200:1982, Part 5- Method of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works.

For Column follow the process

1. Measure the four sides of column at base or in cross-section.

2. Calculate the perimeter of column base.

3. Measure the Colum height.

4. Multiply the perimeter of base and height of column to give the shuttering area of column.

Or other way, add all 4 sides and multiply it by height of column.

For Beam follow the process

1. Take the cross-section of beam and measure the lengths of the two sides and base of beam.

2. Sum the three measurements.

3. Measure the span of the beam

4. Multiply the span length by sum of the three measurements (beam base two vertical sides) gives the shuttering area of beam.

The top side in cross-section of beam is not considered as it will be part of beam.

Or the other way, add the beam height(2 sides) and beam base and multiply it by beam length.

Other important factors to be considered while picking the shuttering quantities.

• Where formwork is required to be lined with wall board, hardboard, polythene sheet No deduction shall be made for openings up to 0.4sqm.
• No deduction shall be made for any opening/cutouts when slip form technique is used.
• Raking or circular cutting and rounded or moulded edges shall be measured in running meters. Moulded stopping shall be enumerated.
• Formwork to secondary beam shall be measured up to the sides of main beams, but no deduction shall be made from the formwork of the main beams where the secondary beam intersects it.
• Formwork to beam shall be measured up to sides of column, but no deduction shall be made from the formwork to stanchion or column casings at intersections of beam.

Answer:

Calculation:

Cross section I terms of metres (400 200 mm) = 0.4  0.2 m

Width and depth are given in cross section

Area of the framework = (2 0.4 2) + (20.4  0.2) + (2  0.2)

= 2.14 

Result:

The area of the formwork is = 2.14 .