How to determine the Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Total suspended solids in the water? Kindly explain it?
In simple words, base flow is the flow of water under the ground between the precipitation and percolation. If the precipitation and percolation act on base flow it is called a negative base flow. In this case, the base flow is below the line of the depletion curve. Negative base-flow is also calledRead more
In simple words, base flow is the flow of water under the ground between the precipitation and percolation. If the precipitation and percolation act on base flow it is called a negative base flow. In this case, the base flow is below the line of the depletion curve. Negative base-flow is also called as bank storage.
It is also called as a draught flow or groundwater recession. The best floor is also called a fair-weather flow.
In civil engineering point of view, flow is very important for human population sustainability and balance in ecosystems.
Baseflow in the soil are depending upon the following factors:
- Voids like micropores and macropores.
- Conditions of fracture in soil
- Some geomorphic conditions
Evapotranspiration is the main cause to reduce the base flow.
In negative base flow, the seepage of groundwater to the surface water for a very short period is reversed. The depletion curve is the recession curve, which is produced after the effect of groundwater seepage. And when the base flow is below the line of the depletion curve called a negative base flow.
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Vishwajeet Kumar
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and henRead more
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids
TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and hence determination of the same is essential.
TDS can be determined by two methods:
Procedure-
Step1- Take an empty beaker and note down it’s weight, say- 20 g.
Step2- Put water sample in the beaker and take weight again, say-220 g which, means weight of water=220 g – 20 g=200 g.
Step3- Heat the beaker to evaporate water and once all the water is evaporated take the weight of beaker along with the residue, say-21 g which means weight of residue is= 21g – 20 g=1 g.
weight of residue= 1 g= 1000 mg
weight of water=200 g
Volume of water=200/1(density of water= 1 g/cc)
=200 cc=200 mL=0.2 litres
TDS=1000 mg/0.2 Litres= 5000 mg/L=5000 ppm.
*Note- when water is evaporated, dissolved solids in the form of ions combines to form solid residue.
2. TDS meter: Dissolved solids are usually present in water in the form of ions and ions conduct electricity. This principle is utilized in finding the TDS of water. TDS meter tip is dipped inside water which measures the amount of electricity getting conducted and this electricity value is calibrated to TDS value in ppm or mg/L. This method is very quick to use and is widely popular. Results of this test are approximate because all the dissolved solids present in water are not present as ions.
Determination of Total Suspended solids
Total Suspended solids are determined by Gravimetric Analysis in laboratory. Since water contains both dissolved as well as suspended solids, hence for the determination it is essential to separate the two solids.
First, water sample is filtered using 1.5 micron filter and the residual contents over filter contains suspended solids. This filter is kept inside oven at 104°C and taken out after an hour. The dried weight of filter along with dried residue is taken. After subtracting the weight of filter in this weight , the suspended solids weight is found out and by dividing the weight of suspended solids by volume of water, the Total Suspended Solids value in ppm or mg/L can arrived at.
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