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vivek gami
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What is Pickup Weir Structure? Why its call pickup? Where it is use?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Weirs are fixed barriers across a river or stream that force water to flow over their tops, where the height of the water above the weir can be used to calculate flow.

    Weirs are fixed barriers across a river or stream that force water to flow over their tops, where the height of the water above the weir can be used to calculate flow.

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Abinaya
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What was the actual percapita water consumption of India in 2019?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.
    What was the percapita water consumption of India in 2019?

    Per capita water consumption: Virtual water refers to the water included in the production of everything we eat, buy and wear. Following norms are adopted by government of India rural and urban water supply schemes in 2019: Rural- 55 lpcd Towns without sewerage -70 lpcd Cities with sewers- 135 lpcdRead more

    Per capita water consumption:

    Virtual water refers to the water included in the production of everything we eat, buy and wear.

    Following norms are adopted by government of India rural and urban water supply schemes in 2019:

    • Rural- 55 lpcd
    • Towns without sewerage -70 lpcd
    • Cities with sewers- 135 lpcd
    • Megacities with sewers- 150 lpcd

    Thank You.

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vivek gami
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How Gibbs module outlet work in the canal outlet system? describe the working principal.

  1. DevilAVRT

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    Gibb's Rigid Module Gibb's module has an inlet pipe below the distributary bank. The pipe takes water from the distributary to a rising spiral, which is connected to the eddy chamber. This produces free vortex motion owing to which there is heading up of water (due to smaller velocity at larger radiRead more

    Gibb’s Rigid Module

    Gibb’s module has an inlet pipe below the distributary bank. The pipe takes water from the distributary to a rising spiral, which is connected to the eddy chamber. This produces free vortex motion owing to which there is heading up of water (due to smaller velocity at larger radius – a feature of vortex motion) near the outer wall of the rising pipe. The water surface thus slopes towards the inner wall. A series of baffle plates of appropriate size are attached to the roof of the eddy chamber such that their lower ends slope against the direction of flow. As the head increases, water banks up at the outer wall at the eddy chamber and strikes against the baffles and spins round in the compartment between two adjacent baffle plates. This results in the dissipation of excess energy an2 release of a constant discharge. The outlet is relatively more expensive, and its sediment withdrawing characteristic is also not good.

    Gibb's Rigid Module

    The following discharge formula was given by Gibbs:

    Q = ro √2g (d1 + ho)1.5 [(m2 – 1)/m3 x loge m + 1/m loge m – (m2 – 1)/2m2]

    where Q = discharge passing down the module,

    ro = radius of the outer semicircle of the eddy chamber,

    m = ro/ r1 = ratio of outer radius to inner radius,

    r1 = radius of inner semicircle,

    d1 = depth of water at inner circumference,

    ho = head loss in inlet pipe.

    The formula is based on the free vortex flow in which the velocity at any point varies inversely as the radius, and by Bernoulli’s theorem, the total energy of all filaments is constant. Gibb’s formula holds good only for his standard design in which m or (r0/r1) = 2 and (ho/D) = 1/7, where D is the difference of level measured from the minimum water level in the parent channel to the floor of eddy chamber.

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Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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  What are the methods to reduce groundwater contamination? I want information about suitable methods for prevention of groundwater contamination.

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    This answer was edited.

    Contamination can reach groundwater in two ways - vertically or laterally. People can’t do much about lateral flow except by not providing a flow gradient. For example, if you live next to the sea and pump your fresh water well like crazy, you may provide a flow gradient for salt water in to your weRead more

    Contamination can reach groundwater in two ways – vertically or laterally.

    People can’t do much about lateral flow except by not providing a flow gradient. For example, if you live next to the sea and pump your fresh water well like crazy, you may provide a flow gradient for salt water in to your well.

    Vertical contamination is another issue. You spill diesel onto the ground and it will percolate downwards. Simple physics.

    Except the pollutants might not actually reach the water table. There may be layers of adsorpent (not absorbent) clays or scoria that hold the pollutants or delay them enough to break down. Or there may be a good impermeable barrier such as a clay layer that prevent movement at all.

    Note that in old fashioned gravity filtration for water purification, bacterial and viral pollutants can be stopped by quite a thin layer of filter sand.

    Of course, the best way to avoid vertical pollution is not to have pollutant spills.

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nikeetasharma
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explain the process of conducting BOD test in laboratory.

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

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    This answer was edited.
    Give a brief explanation about BOD method.

    Biological oxygen demand(BOD): Biological oxygen demand is one of the clinical procedures which is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen which is needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to director organic material is present in given water samples and certain temperaturRead more

    Biological oxygen demand(BOD):

    Biological oxygen demand is one of the clinical procedures which is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen which is needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to director organic material is present in given water samples and certain temperature for a specific period.

    Biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are different processes.

    To assess the quantity of surface water for the biological oxygen demand test and other purposes then it is important to understand the characteristics of dissolved oxygen content in water and wastewater.

    Thank you

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What is different between Artesian well and Flowing well?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

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    Artesian well: When the well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water in the well reach over the water table but not on the surface of the earth. Such a well known as an artesian well. Flowing Well: When a well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water is flowing over the well oRead more

    Artesian well: When the well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water in the well reach over the water table but not on the surface of the earth. Such a well known as an artesian well.

    Flowing Well: When a well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water is flowing over the well or on the surface of well. Such a well called as flowing well.

     

    For any doubt, drop a comment.

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What is the Incoherence soil canal?

  1. nikeetasharma

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    Incoherent indicated less amount of cohesive force between granules. Incoherent sand is consolidated sand with very less cohesion between granular particles. It makes sand more porous. If canal flows from the incoherent canal, incoherent alluvial soils scoured as fast as it was deposited.

    Incoherent indicated less amount of cohesive force between granules. Incoherent sand is consolidated sand with very less cohesion between granular particles. It makes sand more porous. If canal flows from the incoherent canal, incoherent alluvial soils scoured as fast as it was deposited.

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Abbas Khan Civil Engineer
Abbas Khan Civil Engineer

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How to determine the Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Total suspended solids in the water? Kindly explain it?

  1. Vishwajeet Kumar

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    Vishwajeet Kumar Learner

    Determination of Total Dissolved Solids TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and henRead more

    Determination of Total Dissolved Solids

    TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and hence determination of the same is essential.

    TDS can be determined by two methods:

    1. Gravimetric analysis: This method is a laboratory method and is time taking but results are accurate. Here, water sample is prepared by filtering water by 1.5 micron filter so as to separate suspended soilds from the water.

    Procedure-

    Step1- Take an empty beaker and note down it’s weight, say- 20 g.

    Step2- Put water sample in the beaker and take weight again, say-220 g which, means weight of water=220 g – 20 g=200 g.

    Step3- Heat the beaker to evaporate water and once all the water is evaporated take the weight of beaker along with the residue, say-21 g which means weight of residue is= 21g – 20 g=1 g.

     

    weight of residue= 1 g= 1000 mg

    weight of water=200 g

    Volume of water=200/1(density of water= 1 g/cc)

    =200 cc=200 mL=0.2 litres

    TDS=1000 mg/0.2 Litres= 5000 mg/L=5000 ppm.

    *Note- when water is evaporated, dissolved solids in the form of ions combines    to  form solid residue.

    2. TDS meter: Dissolved solids are usually present in water in the form of        ions and ions conduct electricity. This principle is utilized in finding the TDS of water. TDS meter tip is dipped inside water which measures the amount of electricity getting conducted and this electricity value is calibrated to TDS value in ppm or mg/L. This method is very quick to use and is widely popular. Results of this test are approximate because all the dissolved solids present in water are not present as ions.

    Determination of Total Suspended solids

    Total Suspended solids are determined by Gravimetric Analysis in laboratory. Since water contains both dissolved as well as suspended solids, hence for the determination it is essential to separate the two solids.

    First, water sample is filtered using 1.5 micron filter and the residual contents over filter contains suspended solids. This filter is kept inside oven at 104°C and taken out after an hour. The dried weight of filter along with dried residue is taken. After subtracting the weight of filter in this weight , the suspended solids weight is found out and by dividing the weight of suspended solids by volume of water, the Total Suspended Solids value in ppm or mg/L can arrived at.

     

     

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