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What are the methods to reduce groundwater contamination? I want information about suitable methods for prevention of groundwater contamination.
What is Pickup Weir Structure? Why its call pickup? Where it is use?
Weirs are fixed barriers across a river or stream that force water to flow over their tops, where the height of the water above the weir can be used to calculate flow.
Weirs are fixed barriers across a river or stream that force water to flow over their tops, where the height of the water above the weir can be used to calculate flow.
See lessHow to determine the Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Total suspended solids in the water? Kindly explain it?
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and henRead more
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids
TDS in water is due to the dissolved salts and minerals in water which are usually present in the form of ions; ex- sodium, potassium, carbonates, sulphates etc. Sometimes these dissolved solids can be toxic and also causes formation of scales in pipes and hence determination of the same is essential.
TDS can be determined by two methods:
Procedure-
Step1- Take an empty beaker and note down it’s weight, say- 20 g.
Step2- Put water sample in the beaker and take weight again, say-220 g which, means weight of water=220 g – 20 g=200 g.
Step3- Heat the beaker to evaporate water and once all the water is evaporated take the weight of beaker along with the residue, say-21 g which means weight of residue is= 21g – 20 g=1 g.
weight of residue= 1 g= 1000 mg
weight of water=200 g
Volume of water=200/1(density of water= 1 g/cc)
=200 cc=200 mL=0.2 litres
TDS=1000 mg/0.2 Litres= 5000 mg/L=5000 ppm.
*Note- when water is evaporated, dissolved solids in the form of ions combines to form solid residue.
2. TDS meter: Dissolved solids are usually present in water in the form of ions and ions conduct electricity. This principle is utilized in finding the TDS of water. TDS meter tip is dipped inside water which measures the amount of electricity getting conducted and this electricity value is calibrated to TDS value in ppm or mg/L. This method is very quick to use and is widely popular. Results of this test are approximate because all the dissolved solids present in water are not present as ions.
Determination of Total Suspended solids
Total Suspended solids are determined by Gravimetric Analysis in laboratory. Since water contains both dissolved as well as suspended solids, hence for the determination it is essential to separate the two solids.
First, water sample is filtered using 1.5 micron filter and the residual contents over filter contains suspended solids. This filter is kept inside oven at 104°C and taken out after an hour. The dried weight of filter along with dried residue is taken. After subtracting the weight of filter in this weight , the suspended solids weight is found out and by dividing the weight of suspended solids by volume of water, the Total Suspended Solids value in ppm or mg/L can arrived at.
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What is different between Artesian well and Flowing well?
Artesian well: When the well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water in the well reach over the water table but not on the surface of the earth. Such a well known as an artesian well. Flowing Well: When a well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water is flowing over the well oRead more
Artesian well: When the well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water in the well reach over the water table but not on the surface of the earth. Such a well known as an artesian well.
Flowing Well: When a well is excavated in the confined aquifer, and the water is flowing over the well or on the surface of well. Such a well called as flowing well.
For any doubt, drop a comment.
See lessWhat is Waste Stabilization Pond?
Waste or wastewater stabilization ponds are large, man made water bodies in which blackwater, greywater or faecal sludge are treated by natural occurring processes and the influence of solar light, wind, and microorganisms and algae. The ponds can be used individually or linked in a series for improRead more
Waste or wastewater stabilization ponds are large, man made water bodies in which blackwater, greywater or faecal sludge are treated by natural occurring processes and the influence of solar light, wind, and microorganisms and algae. The ponds can be used individually or linked in a series for improved treatment.
See lessexplain the process of conducting BOD test in laboratory.
Biological oxygen demand(BOD): Biological oxygen demand is one of the clinical procedures which is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen which is needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to director organic material is present in given water samples and certain temperaturRead more
Biological oxygen demand is one of the clinical procedures which is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen which is needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to director organic material is present in given water samples and certain temperature for a specific period.
Biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are different processes.
To assess the quantity of surface water for the biological oxygen demand test and other purposes then it is important to understand the characteristics of dissolved oxygen content in water and wastewater.
Thank you
See lessWhat is the Incoherence soil canal?
Incoherent indicated less amount of cohesive force between granules. Incoherent sand is consolidated sand with very less cohesion between granular particles. It makes sand more porous. If canal flows from the incoherent canal, incoherent alluvial soils scoured as fast as it was deposited.
Incoherent indicated less amount of cohesive force between granules. Incoherent sand is consolidated sand with very less cohesion between granular particles. It makes sand more porous. If canal flows from the incoherent canal, incoherent alluvial soils scoured as fast as it was deposited.
See lessWhat was the actual percapita water consumption of India in 2019?
Per capita water consumption: Virtual water refers to the water included in the production of everything we eat, buy and wear. Following norms are adopted by government of India rural and urban water supply schemes in 2019: Rural- 55 lpcd Towns without sewerage -70 lpcd Cities with sewers- 135 lpcdRead more
Virtual water refers to the water included in the production of everything we eat, buy and wear.
Following norms are adopted by government of India rural and urban water supply schemes in 2019:
Thank You.
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aviratdhodare
Contamination can reach groundwater in two ways - vertically or laterally. People can’t do much about lateral flow except by not providing a flow gradient. For example, if you live next to the sea and pump your fresh water well like crazy, you may provide a flow gradient for salt water in to your weRead more
Contamination can reach groundwater in two ways – vertically or laterally.
People can’t do much about lateral flow except by not providing a flow gradient. For example, if you live next to the sea and pump your fresh water well like crazy, you may provide a flow gradient for salt water in to your well.
Vertical contamination is another issue. You spill diesel onto the ground and it will percolate downwards. Simple physics.
Except the pollutants might not actually reach the water table. There may be layers of adsorpent (not absorbent) clays or scoria that hold the pollutants or delay them enough to break down. Or there may be a good impermeable barrier such as a clay layer that prevent movement at all.
Note that in old fashioned gravity filtration for water purification, bacterial and viral pollutants can be stopped by quite a thin layer of filter sand.
Of course, the best way to avoid vertical pollution is not to have pollutant spills.
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