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Mix proportion of Antifreeze Concrete Admixture
Madeh Izat Hamakareem
The mixing ratio of the concrete or the mortar, and the amount of the admixture to be used must be defined with the laboratory trials, using the raw materials taken from the construction site, depending on the required concrete class and the quality, and ambient temperature, Table below provide a peRead more
The mixing ratio of the concrete or the mortar, and the amount of the admixture to be used must be defined with the laboratory trials, using the raw materials taken from the construction site, depending on the required concrete class and the quality, and ambient temperature, Table below provide a percentage of the weight of the dry concrete mixture.
Regarding types of antifreeze admixture, please visit the following link:
See lessWhich cement is best for concrete slab construction? OPC or PPC?
Gopal Mishra
Both OPC and PPC cements are good for construction of concrete slab. OPC is the most commonly used cement in industrial and large construction, PPC is most commonly used for small residential constructions. PPC is used where possibilities of sulphate attack is higher as it has good sulphate resistanRead more
Both OPC and PPC cements are good for construction of concrete slab. OPC is the most commonly used cement in industrial and large construction, PPC is most commonly used for small residential constructions.
See lessPPC is used where possibilities of sulphate attack is higher as it has good sulphate resistance compared to OPC. Also pozzolana Portland cement is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement.
OPC cement hardens faster than PPC, has higher heat of hydration and thus it requires more care in curing.
What are the types of slabs and how to design them?
there is two type of slab one is one way slab & another one two way slab ,two way slab further divided into two categories one is simply supported two way slab & another one restrained. Design is available in IS CODE:456
there is two type of slab one is one way slab & another one two way slab ,two way slab further divided into two categories one is simply supported two way slab & another one restrained. Design is available in IS CODE:456
See lessWhich Type of Chemical Cleaner used for Efflorescence Removal?
Gopal Mishra
Read following articles regarding efflorescence which may give you an idea about removal of efflorescence: What is Efflorescence on Brick Masonry, Its Causes and Treatment Techniques? Methods to Reduce Efflorescence in Newly Constructed Masonry Walls
Read following articles regarding efflorescence which may give you an idea about removal of efflorescence:
What is Stress Ribbon Bridge?
Gopal Mishra
A stressed ribbon bridge is a tension structure which is similar to a simple suspension bridge. The suspension cables in a stressed ribbon bridge are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple suspension spans which tends to sway and bounce, the ribbon is sRead more
A stressed ribbon bridge is a tension structure which is similar to a simple suspension bridge. The suspension cables in a stressed ribbon bridge are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports.
Unlike the simple suspension spans which tends to sway and bounce, the ribbon is stressed in compression which adds to the stiffness of the structure. The supports of stressed ribbon bridge support upward thrusting arcs that allow the grade to be changed between spans where multiple spans are used.
Stressed ribbon bridges are typically constructed from concrete reinforced by steel tensioning cables. Degree of stiffness required for such bridges depends on vehicle traffic conditions. For heavy vehicle traffic, certain degree of stiffness is required to prevent excessive flexure of the structure. This stiffness can be obtained by stressing the concrete in compression.
Fig: Components of a Stressed Ribbon Bridge
The construction of stressed ribbon bridges requires less materials as compared to other bridges, requires less maintenance and can be erected with expansion joints. Thus, these bridges are aesthetic, economical as well as environment friendly.
See lessHow to prepare Construction Quotations and Estimate?
Gopal Mishra
Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out. For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the deRead more
Preparation of quotation for construction works depends on the type of work to be carried out. Whenever a quotation is required by the client for particular work, they provide the detailed specification of works to be carried out.
For example, if quote for brickwork is required by the client, the details about type of work such as brickwork in superstructure or substructure, or at particular height, the mix proportion of cement and sand, etc. are provided. All you have to do is to estimate the unit rate for the brickwork for the given specification of the work and provide the rate to the client.
For estimating unit rate of brickwork, the cost of materials such as bricks, cement, sand and water, the labor required for unit work done, cost / rent of tools and equipment, contractor’s profit, contingencies etc. need to be calculated and summed up.
Thus to estimate the cost of unit quantity of particular work, the cost of materials, tools, equipment, labor, transportation, profit, contingencies etc. shall be considered for the calculation.
See lessWhy Voids are Considered in Calculation of Material Quantity of Mortar?
Gopal Mishra
Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keepRead more
Have you heard about bulking of sand. The free moisture content in fine aggregates results in bulking of volume. The moisture in the sand forms a thin film around each particle which exerts surface tension and keeps the nearby particles away from it. Thus due to surface tension, every particles keeps away from each other.
This bulking of sand increases with increase in moisture content upto a certain limit and decreases with further increase in moisture. This can be seen in the figure.
As you know that, we while calculating quantities of materials required for mortar, we consider the dry volume of the sand. But in practical cases, the sand has some free moisture due to which the volume of the sand is more than its dry volume.
Thus, while calculating the quantities of materials for mortar, the voids are considered in the sand and increased wet volume is used in the calculation. When the sand is dried up, the moisture in sand is replaced by the voids.
See lessWhat is the difference between Tender and Contract Documents?
Gopal Mishra
To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain. Tender Documents: A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame andRead more
To understand the difference between tender documents and contract documents, first we have to understand what these documents contain.
Tender Documents:
A tender is an offer in writing to contractors to execute the some specified works or to supply specified materials within a fixed time frame and as per conditions of contract and agreement between the contractor and the owner or the department or the party.
The tender documents contains the bill of quantities (BOQ), specifications of the works to be carried out, time frame for the completion of the work, conditions of the contract and plans and drawings. These documents are provided to the contractor on the payment of certain fees. The contractor who quotes the lowest rates for the overall works are offer the contract to execute the work.
Contract Documents:
Contract documents are the agreement between the owner or the party or the department and the contractor to execute the works as specified in the tender documents as per conditions of contract on the rates quoted by the contractor.
The difference between Tender and Contract Documents:
The difference here to be noted is that tender documents are offered to as many contractors as possible to get the lowest quotes for the work specified, while the contract documents are signed only with the contractor with lowest tender or rates.
While the tender documents contains the conditions of contract and all the details for the specified work, there is not much difference between the two in terms of contents. But tender documents can not be submitted as Letter of Acceptance (LOA) as these are two different types of documents. While a tender document can not bind the contractor to do the work, a contract document binds the contractor to complete the work as per the agreement.
Simple Example to understand the difference between tender and contract documents:
When you are selected for a job in a company you are offered offer letter to join the company. But getting selected in a company does not mean that you join the same company, you may have other offer letters as well. But when you sign the letter of acceptance (LOA) for the job, you are bound to join the company. So, here offer letter from the company is a tender document and LOA is the contract document.
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