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Asked: November 30, 2017In: Construction

What are the types of slabs and how to design them?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

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Can you tell me types of slabs? And how can we design them?

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    Added an answer on August 17, 2020 at 8:40 am

    Flat slab - Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital). Slab with drop and column without column head. Slab without drop and column with column head. Slab with drop and column with column head. Conventional slab - conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ toRead more

    Flat slab – Flat slab is minimum 8″ or 0.2m.

    1. Slab without drop and column without column head(capital).
    2. Slab with drop and column without column head.
    3. Slab without drop and column with column head.
    4. Slab with drop and column with column head.


    Conventional slab – conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ to 6″ inches

    1. One-Way Slab
    2. Two-Way Slab

    Hollow core ribbed slab

    hollow core ribbed slab

    Hardy slab

    1. One way Hardy Slab
    2. Two way Hardy slab

    Waffle slab

    1. Triangular pod system
    2. Square pod system

    Dome slab

    dome slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Pitch roof slab

    Slab with arches

    arch slab

    Post tension slab

    post tension slab

    Pre tension Slab

    Low roof slab

    Projected slab

    projected slab

    Grads Slab/ Slab on grade

    slab with sand and concreteconcrete slab

    Sunken Slab

    sunken slab below ground level

     

    a) Effective span of slab:

    Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two

    1. L = clear span + d (effective depth )

    2. L = Center to center distance between the support

    b) Depth of slab:

    The depth of slab depends on bending moment and deflection criterion. the trail depth can be obtained using:

    • Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)
    • For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.
    • The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456 provided short span is 3.5m and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

    Type of support

    Simply supported

    Fe-250 – L/35

    Fe-415 – L/28

    Continuous support

    Fe-250 – L/40

    Fe-415 – L/32

    Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

    • One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).
    • Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)
    • Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

    c) Load on slab:

    The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load. The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m2).

    Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 ( Where D is thickness of slab in m)

    Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2

    Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy of the building)

    Detailing Requirements of RCC Slab as per IS456: 2000

    a) Nominal Cover:

    For Mild exposure – 20 mm

    For Moderate exposure – 30 mm

    However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may be reduced by 5 mm. Thus for main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15 mm.

    b) Minimum reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than

    • 0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel
    • 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500 steel.

    c) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

    • Main Steel – 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller
    • Distribution steel –5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller Where, ‘d’ is the effective depth of slab. Note: The minimum clear spacing of bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm) though code do not recommend any value.

    d) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.

     

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Asked: July 28, 2020In: Construction

How Construction Sector can Reduce the Carbon Emission?

dbnalawade
dbnalawade

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What efforts are needed by the construction sector to reduce carbon emission? As per one report, construction and the built-up environment is responsible for 45% of Carbon emission.

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on September 10, 2020 at 11:59 pm
    How Construction Sector can Reduce the Carbon Emission?

    Nearly 80% of carbon emission is due to building construction. With the help of some following points construction sector can definitely reduce carbon emission : Every building should be implemented carbon capture and storage(CCS) technology in their building.  Construct that type of building whichRead more

    Nearly 80% of carbon emission is due to building construction.


    With the help of some following points construction sector can definitely reduce carbon emission :

    • Every building should be implemented carbon capture and storage(CCS) technology in their building.
    •  Construct that type of building which consume very less amount of energy
    • Any kind of building either it is residential or commercial, it should be used renewable energy source.

    Carbon capture and storage (CCS) Technology :

    • Can capture carbon dioxide emission and store it permanently, hence CO2 don’t into the atmosphere and it is not responsible for climate change

     

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Asked: February 2, 2021In: Construction

What are the purposes for building dams in semi-arid regions?

aviratdhodare
aviratdhodare

aviratdhodare

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aviratdhodare

What are the purposes for building dams in semi-arid regions?

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Asked: July 19, 2020In: Construction

What is the different between smooth form work and rough form work?

fathima
fathima

fathima

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What is the different between smooth form work and rough form work?

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    Added an answer on September 11, 2020 at 12:00 am
    What is the different between smooth form work and rough form work?

    In simple words, smooth formwork makes the surface of wall smooth, while the rough formwork leaves the concrete surface as roughly cast. refer ACI 301- 96 for details about homework and their types. In general, after removing the formwork the surface needs to be smoothed with the help of plasteringRead more

    In simple words, smooth formwork makes the surface of wall smooth, while the rough formwork leaves the concrete surface as roughly cast.

    refer ACI 301- 96 for details about homework and their types.

    In general, after removing the formwork the surface needs to be smoothed with the help of plastering or sandblasting. If the thickness is exceeded 10 mm then it is a type of rough formwork.

    Hope you understood the concept.

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Asked: September 22, 2020In: Construction

What is the speciality of lotus temple?

Komal Bhandakkar
Komal Bhandakkar

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What is the speciality of lotus temple? Discuss it’s construction steps.

  1. AdityaBhandakkar

    AdityaBhandakkar

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    AdityaBhandakkar User
    Added an answer on October 16, 2020 at 12:20 pm
    This answer was edited.

    Hi, General facts about the lotus temple are already mentioned in the above comments. Here, I describe details of a stone used in this great structure. Encouraged by the lotus flower, the design of Lotus Temple for the House of Worship in New Delhi is composed of 27 free-standing marble-clad "petalsRead more

    Hi,

    General facts about the lotus temple are already mentioned in the above comments. Here, I describe details of a stone used in this great structure. Encouraged by the lotus flower, the design of Lotus Temple for the House of Worship in New Delhi is composed of 27 free-standing marble-clad “petals” arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides.

    The nine doors of the Lotus Temple open onto a central hall slightly more than 40 meters tall. The surface of the House of Worship is made of white marble from the mountain in Greece, the same marble from which many ancient monuments (including the Parthenon and other Bahas Houses of Worship are built). Along with its nine surrounding ponds and gardens, the Lotus Temple property comprises 26 acres.

    The architect was an Iranian, Fariborz Sahba who now resides in Canada. He was approached in 1976 to design the Lotus Temple and later oversaw its construction. It is one of the highest quality of marble, on which many monuments and idols of Greek Gods and Goddess are made.

    Thank you.

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Asked: July 27, 2020In: Construction

Why does India lack world class safety practices that are normal in western world?

dbnalawade
dbnalawade

dbnalawade

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Good Safety practices, rules, and regulations will save costs and time avoiding reworks. Hence this question is valid for the overall health of the construe projects. Why does India lack world-class safety practices that are normal in the western world?

  1. Komal Bhandakkar

    Komal Bhandakkar

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    Added an answer on September 2, 2020 at 9:11 pm
    Why does India lack world class safety practices that are normal in western world?

    Safety is the first and foremost need of any country. As per World Health Organisation (WHO) occupational health deals with all aspects of Health and safety in the workplace and has a firm focus on primary prevention of hazards. The reason behind why this India lack world-class safety practices thatRead more

    Safety is the first and foremost need of any country.

    As per World Health Organisation (WHO) occupational health deals with all aspects of Health and safety in the workplace and has a firm focus on primary prevention of hazards.


    The reason behind why this India lack world-class safety practices that are normal in western worlds are as follows;

    • Work organisations and working culture does not support the health and safety of workers.
    • Lack of managerial system.
    • No personnel policy regarding this issue.
    • No idea about principles for participation.
    • Lack of training policies.
    • No quality management scheme for the undertaking.
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Asked: September 29, 2020In: Construction

What should be the standard dimension of ventilator in home?

nikeetasharma
nikeetasharma

nikeetasharma

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What should be the standard dimension of ventilator in home?

  1. nikeetasharma

    nikeetasharma

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    Added an answer on November 24, 2020 at 5:52 pm

    Thank you everyone.

    Thank you everyone.

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Asked: November 13, 2017In: Construction

What are the new technologies in the field of civil engineering?

Gopal Mishra
Gopal Mishra

Gopal Mishra

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Gopal Mishra

I want to know the new practices in the field of planning, execution, quality in the construction sector.

  1. aviratdhodare

    aviratdhodare

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    aviratdhodare
    Added an answer on September 18, 2020 at 6:36 pm

    It has been seen that it is very difficult to adopt any new innovations in Construction Industry especially in India. When we talk about Construction of Residential Buildings it has been observed that the the variation in cost could be matter a lot. When final estimation sanctioned and at the time oRead more

    It has been seen that it is very difficult to adopt any new innovations in Construction Industry especially in India.

    When we talk about Construction of Residential Buildings it has been observed that the the variation in cost could be matter a lot. When final estimation sanctioned and at the time of execution it seen that 3 factors affect this capital :

    1. MATERIAL ( Variation of cost would be 55 to 65%)
    2. MANPOWER ( Variation of cost would be 25 to 35%)
    3. EQUIPMENT ( Variation of cost would be 10 to 15%)

    Note: Above is the condition in case of Residential Buildings only.

    This suggests that every project needs a Good Decision.

    Suppose, if you have :

    1. Sufficient Captial for Project.
    2. Sufficient Space for equipments etc.
    3. But there is Time constraints.

    Now the Question is what method of formwork Do You Use? To complete your project.

    Now a days less number of companies Using Mivan Formwork. It comes from Malaysian Company.

    Is this Case we can use this method. This is method you can cast one floor at a time as single unit. Less thickness of Concrete wall made that increases the carpet area. It is made of Aluminum so obviously it is less weight and easy to handle and in this method there is no wastage of materials, this formwork made a air tight casement so no league of concrete is possible.

    So, what i thought, in India, near in 2 to 3 years every company will adopt this technique.

    Edit 1: Someone are thinking that it a Old technique. My simple Question is that Is there any company in India presently using Robotic Technology or Nano Technology ? As both are invented before independence only. Just read my first sentence of this answer and comment accordingly.

    Edit 2: Just think Which formwork is best and why? If you have 3 options Timber Formwork, Steel Formwork and Aluminum Formwork. Now, when i said Aluminum Formwork, so is it that Aluminum Formwork is nothing but Mivan Formwork?

    Note: Every Mivan is a Aluminum formwork but every Aluminum Formwork is not Mivan.


    Right from Rotating towers (Dynamic tower-Bubai) to self reparing roads (in a villageIndia-Developed by ) Hyperloop there are many innovations coming up day by day.

    As many friends have discussed few topics above. I would like to share what latest technologies / innovations being implemented in my surroundings.

    As a part of Junctions development few grade seperateors are proposed in Hyderabad city.

    Construction methodology followed at one of the locations is first of its kind in Hyderabad .

    Only the foundations are cast-in-suit and rest all are brought – placed & pre stressed in stages for speed up in construction .

    At few other places steel piers and girders are proposed.

    => Precast building construction is growing up rapidly.

    => Box pushing methods for underpass / RUB

    construction .

    => Aerocon ACC blocks -super strong & light weight for fast and easy construction used by many developers.

    These are few things on construction side.

    Coming to software’s with latest technologies/Innovations in Civil 3D …etc..

    All the designs i.e. alignment design , structure design etc…can be done in one go as per exactly integration with Google maps.

    What ever latest technologies/innovations came or coming. Olden techniques are always mind grabbing and beyond the imaginations.

    Civil engineering rocks…

    1. New Emergent Materials. These materials can be “grown” as opposed to built. They posses properties that react to certain to certain conditions that make them change. While some of these are still in very early development and others not yet in production, when they do become available, how will our industry change when a structure can grow itself with pre programmed instructions for perfect engineering.

    2. Generative Design- the ability of a computer to create an architectural or engineering design without Human Intervention. Its “fed” data from 1000s of previous design projects and uses that to optomize and create “its” own.

    3. Laser Scanning Point Clouds- A laser or a multiple photographs is used to create a 3D mapp of a structure or surface. This blows away traditional surveying.

    4. 3D Printing- Additive Manufacturing that produces products by extruding material layer by layer. Entire buildings have been produced this way.

    5. Robotic Prefabrication- Robots enable the production of a structures parts in pieces within controlled enviorment factories. Components are produced and assembled and than delivered on the sight for drop in place finish. This dramatically reduces labor and schedule.

    • Building Information Modelling (BIM)
    • Cloud And Mobile Technology
    • Drones Or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
    • Virtual Reality
    • Augmented Reality
    • 3D Printing
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Robotics
    • Exoskeletons
    • The Connected Jobsite
    • Autonomous Vehicles
    • Advanced Materials
    • The Intelligent Built Environment
    • Machine Learning
    • Prefabrications
    • Predictive Analytics
    • Construction Software And Data Ecosystem
    • Self Healing Concrete
    • Advance Uses Of GPS
    • New Effective Scanning Solutions
    • Timber Constructions
    • Wearable Technology
    • Smart Building
    • Modular Construction And 3D Printed Dwellings
    • Smart Buildings
    • Connected Homes
    • Home Analytics
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